Kinetics and Pathogenicity of Oral Infection by Equine Herpesvirus-9 in Mice and Suckling Hamsters

El‐Nahass, El‐Shaymaa; El‐Habashi, Nagwan; Abdel-Aziz, A. A.; Nayel, Mohamed; Kasem, Samy; Fukushi, Hideto; Tuji, H.; Hirata, Akihiro; Sakai, Hiroki; Yanai, Tokuma

doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.05.003

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The microscopic lesions were similar to those reported in hamsters infected with EHV-9 and in mice and hamsters inoculated with EHV-1, with the olfactory bulb and frontal cortex being the primary affected regions after intranasal inoculation [8,16,28,29,31,32]. In hamster and murine models, the intranasally inoculated virus migrates from the nasal mucosa by neural dissemination via the olfactory neuroepithelium throughout the olfactory bulb, olfactory nerve, and ventricular surface, leading to neuronal degeneration, mainly in cortical areas and the hippocampus, with associated generalized ventriculitis [16,18,28,30].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…In subsequent years, the model of EHV-1 infection in hamster was used for the study of antiviral agents [25] and immune response to the virus [26,27]. Recently, hamster models have been used to study the neuropathogenesis of EHV-9 [28][29][30][31], but there are few studies about neuropathogenicity of EHV-1 in hamster models [32].…”

Section: Central Nervous System Of Hamsters By Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Viral Migration of Different Variants of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 in the Central Nervous System of Hamsters by Immunohistochemistry

Silva¹

2019

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The intranasal inoculation of equid alphaherpesvirus1 (EHV-1) Brazilian variants A4/72, A9/92, A3/97, Iso72/10 and the Argentine variant AR4 in a Syrian hamster model Mesocricetus auratus induced severe encephalitis. Clinical signs included weight loss, lethargy, somnolence, anorexia, and intense salivation two days post-inoculation (dpi), followed by neurological signs such as loss of proprioception, walking in circles, spastic paralysis, seizures, recumbency and death at 3 rd dpi (A9/92 and A4/72 variants) and 4 th dpi. Respiratory signs such as dyspnea and serosanguinous nasal discharge were also observed. Histopathological changes in brain included mixed inflammatory infiltrate with predominance of mononuclear cells, neuronal degeneration, liquefactive necrosis, hemorrhagic foci, leptomeningitis, perivascular edema, mononuclear infiltration, and perivascular cuffing. Immunohistochemical examination showed viral replication in neurons restrict predominantly to olfactory bulb and frontal cortex (variants AR4 and A3/97) and in groups of cells from distant regions, such as the caudal diencephalon and rostral mesencephalon (variants Iso72/10) and absence of viral antigen labeling of variants A9/92 and A4/72 despite these variants were the most neurovirulent, so new experiments not staggered in days but in hours post inoculation are needed to better understand the viral migration of these variants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Central Nervous System Of Hamsters By Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Viral Migration of Different Variants of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 in the Central Nervous System of Hamsters by Immunohistochemistry

Silva¹

2019

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“…Sera were collected from non-vaccinated captive (n = 277 samples from 43 zoos) and free ranging species (n = 151 samples, Tanzania and Namibia) ( Table 1 ). EHV-9 positive serum collected from an experimentally infected rabbit [ 26 ] was used as a positive control as no infected horse serum was available. An EHV-9 negative horse (umbilical cord blood serum) [ 24 ] sample was used as a negative control.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Serology Based on a Peptide ELISA to Assess the Prevalence of Closely Related Equine Herpesviruses in Zoo and Wild Animals

et al. 2015

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Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disorders and abortion in equids while EHV-1 regularly causes equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM), a stroke-like syndrome following endothelial cell infection in horses. Both EHV-1 and EHV-9 infections of non-definitive hosts often result in neuronal infection and high case fatality rates. Hence, EHV-1 and EHV-9 are somewhat unusual herpesviruses and lack strict host specificity, and the true extent of their host ranges have remained unclear. In order to determine the seroprevalence of EHV-1 and EHV-9, a sensitive and specific peptide-based ELISA was developed and applied to 428 sera from captive and wild animals representing 30 species in 12 families and five orders. Members of the Equidae, Rhinocerotidae and Bovidae were serologically positive for EHV-1 and EHV-9. The prevalence of EHV-1 in the sampled wild zebra populations was significantly higher than in zoos suggesting captivity may reduce exposure to EHV-1. Furthermore, the seroprevalence for EHV-1 was significantly higher than for EHV-9 in zebras. In contrast, EHV-9 antibody prevalence was high in captive and wild African rhinoceros species suggesting that they may serve as a reservoir or natural host for EHV-9. Thus, EHV-1 and EHV-9 have a broad host range favoring African herbivores and may have acquired novel natural hosts in ecosystems where wild equids are common and are in close contact with other perissodactyls.

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“…In previous studies, we reported that equine herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9) could induce encephalitis in hamsters using different routes of inoculation (oral, peritoneal, and ocular), but the intravenous route failed to induce encephalitis. In these experiments, the virus was predominantly transmitted through neurogenic pathways, including the olfactory and trigeminal nerves following nasal inoculation, 12 the trigeminal and vagal nerves following oral inoculation, 14 the spinal cord and abdominal nerves following intraperitoneal inoculation, 15 and the optic nerve after ocular inoculation. 13 None of these studies examined the infectivity of EHV-9 in immunocompromised nude mice and their immunocompetent counterparts.…”

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Susceptibility of BALB/c-nu/nu Mice and BALB/c Mice to Equine Herpesvirus 9 Infection

et al. 2013

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This study aimed to clarify the timing and infectivity of equine herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9) infection in BALB/c-nu/nu mice and their immunocompetent counterpart (BALB/c). Following intranasal inoculation with 10(5) PFU of EHV-9, specimens from 8 mice per group were collected at different times postinoculation (PI) and assessed using histopathology, immunohistochemistry for viral antigen, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for ORF30 gene expression. In BALB/c-nu/nu mice, EHV-9 antigen was abundant in olfactory epithelia of all inoculated animals, and in the olfactory bulb of 1 animal. In contrast, only 1 BALB/c mouse per time point had rhinitis, with mild to moderate immunopositivity starting from 12 to 48 h PI, followed by a gradual virus clearance at 72 h PI. Statistically, significant differences were noted in the immunohistochemistry reactions between the 2 mouse strains, indicating that BALB/c-nu/nu is more susceptible to infection. Relative expression levels of ORF30 gene in olfactory epithelia were significantly different between the 2 groups, with the exception of 12 h PI, when BALB/c-nu/nu animals showed dramatic increases in ORF30 gene expression level until 48 h PI, followed by a decline in expression level until the end of experiment. In contrast, the expression level in brains showed no differences between mouse strain except at 96 h PI. In both strains, the highest messenger RNA expression was detected at 48 h PI, followed by a decline in BALB/c mice, proving a rapid clearance of virus in BALB/c and a gradual slowing down of the increased expression levels in BALB/c-nu/nu.

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Kinetics and Pathogenicity of Oral Infection by Equine Herpesvirus-9 in Mice and Suckling Hamsters

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Evaluation of Viral Migration of Different Variants of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 in the Central Nervous System of Hamsters by Immunohistochemistry

Evaluation of Viral Migration of Different Variants of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 in the Central Nervous System of Hamsters by Immunohistochemistry

Comprehensive Serology Based on a Peptide ELISA to Assess the Prevalence of Closely Related Equine Herpesviruses in Zoo and Wild Animals

Susceptibility of BALB/c-nu/nu Mice and BALB/c Mice to Equine Herpesvirus 9 Infection

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