his experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of using Acacia saligna leaf meal (ASLM) as a non-traditional feedstuff in Mamourah growing hens diets under desert conditions on the performance and economical efficiency of feed. One hundred eighty Mamourah growing hens 10 weeks of age were used in an experiment until 18 weeks of age. The experimental hens were randomly distributed into four equal groups, each group has 45 hens divided into three replicates with 15 hens each. The first group was received a basal diet as a control (0% ASLM) while the second, third and fourth groups were fed 4, 8 and 12% ASLM respectively. The current results showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in live body weight at 18 weeks of age with groups fed 4 and 8% ASLM compared to the other groups, while the effect of treatment was non-significant with the other ages. The best significant (P < 0.05) values of weight gain and feed conversion ratio were recorded with groups of hens fed 4% and 8% of ASLM in all periods of the experiment. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in feed intake with increasing the level of ASLM in the diet at the experimental periods from 10 to 14 and 10 to 18 weeks of age while this effect was not significant from 14 to 18 weeks of age. The group of hens that received 12% ASLM in the diet showed the lowest performance in comparison with the other groups. On the other hand, the level of 8% ASLM resulted in the best net return, economical efficiency and relative economical efficiency percent and the least feed cost of kg gain. Data of amino acids content of ASLM showed that methionine was the first limiting essential amino acid, while lysine were the second limiting amino acids. From the nutritional and economical efficiency viewpoints, Acacia saligna leaf meal could be used successfully and safely in the formulation of a diet for Mamourah growing hens up to 8% without adversely affecting on their performance under desert conditions.

Two hundred and forty day old Cobb broiler chicks were distributed into eight groups; the experimental treatments were arranged in a factorial design (2x4) by using two levels of tartaric acid (0 and 0.30 %) and four levels of Acacia saligna leaves meal (ALM) L1, L2, L3 and L4 to be 0, 3, 6 and 9%, respectively. Results showed that supplemented broiler diets with 0.30%of tartaric acid improved digestion coefficients of CP, CF, NFE , DCP, live body weight , body gain ,feed conversion ,increased edible giblets%, digestive tract weight (%) and digestive tract length (cm) compared with the control. Increasing the level of ALM in the diet from 0 to 9% decreased the digestibility of nutrients , live body weight ,body gain and digestive tract weight (%) but , increased feed intake , edible giblets% and digestive tract length (cm) and gave inferior feed conversion. The interaction between organic acid addition and ALM level had a significant effect on improving the digestion coefficients of CP, CF, NFE , DCP, live body weight and body gain. A significant decrease in values of feed intake, feed conversion, edible giblets% and digestive tract length (cm) was seen in this respect. Also, a significant decrease in digestive tract weight (%) was detected among the fourth experimental groups fed ALM with 0.30% tartaric acid compared with the other untreated groups. Supplemented broiler diets with 6% of ALM with 0.30%of tartaric acid improved economic efficiency % of feed and relative economic efficiency of feed as compared with the control group. It may be concluded that using 6% of Acacia leaves meal and adding 0.30% tartaric acid in the diet reflect desirable results on broilers performance.

Yeast classification is traditionally based on their physiological and biochemical profiles. Recently, molecular methods have been successfully applied to yeast strain typing and identification. The aim of this paper was to characterize four yeast strains isolated from dairy products by classical and molecular methods. The preliminary examination involved macroscopic appearances of colonies on solid media and microscopic feature of the cells. Physiological characterization was mainly performed by assessing the ability to use certain sugars semi-anaerobically, the ability to use organic compounds as sole carbon source for aerobic growth, urea hydrolysis, growth at high concentrations of glucose and the ability to growth at non-optimal temperatures (37°C and 42°C). From results obtained it could be stated that, although there were some variations in biochemical patterns all tested yeasts were classified either as S. cerevisiae or and G. candidum with 95-99 % of probability. For molecular identification only three specific primer pairs and one universal primer were used. The identification was carried out based on ITS 1 partial sequence, 5.8 S rRNA gene and ITS 2 complete sequence and large subunit rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results obtained showed that the product of S. cerevisiae scored 600 bp in lan (1and 2) using 5.8 S rRNA gene with primer ITS and NL2, while G. candidum scored 600 bp in lan (3and 4) using 18S rDNA gene with primer (18S ITS1-28S ITS 2). However, the sequence analysis of the four identified yeast strains was submitted to Genebank in the NCBI database. They have been accepted to be deposited and released in Genebank under four new accession numbers, actually KY441458, MF380234 for S. cerevisiae and MF383376, MF383368 for G. candidum strains. In conclusion, Strains were locally isolated from Egyptian resources to increase the additive value of the Egyptian microbial wealth.

inety unsexed one day old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were used in this experiment. The experiment aimed to study the comparative effect of some feed additives as growth promoters such as selenium and zinc in their inorganic form on broiler growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, some blood metabolites and carcass traits by adding them in the drinking water. The chicks were randomly distributed into three equal treatments. Each treatment had 30 chicks divided equally into five replicates. The experimental treatments were: The first treatment was served as a control (T1), while the second (T2) was given 0.8 mg sodium selenite / L of drinking water and the third treatment (T3) was given 1 g zinc oxide/ L. Sodium selenite (T2) showed the heaviest body weight (P<0.01), gained more weight consumed more feed and recorded the best value of feed efficiency ratio (P<0.001) compared to the other treatments. There were non-significant differences between control and zinc treatments in body weight and gain and feed efficiency ratio. There was a significant reduction in feed intake from 21 to 35 days of age and from 1 to 35 days of age for zinc treatment compared to the other treatments and significant increase from 1 to 21 days of age for the same treatment. A significant increase in triiodothyronine (T 3) (P<0.01) was observed in selenium and zinc treatments (T2 and T3 respectively) compared to the control treatment. About plasma urea, creatinine, ALT and AST, total lipid, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulin and their ratio (A/G ratio) and carcass traits, there were nonsignificant (P>0.05) differences among the experimental treatments. Zinc treatment (T3) recorded the lowest percent (3.85%) of mortality. It was concluded that supplementation of selenium in broiler drinking water improved broiler performance and zinc addition did not have adverse effects on growth rate and the functions of blood.

The using of four yeast strains (two cultures belonging to each S. cerevisiae and G. candidum) to withstand environmental conditions similar to the human digestion tract (probiotic criteria) were examined. The survival of these strains at low pH, in the presence of bile salt, in intestinal juice, also their ability to assimilate cholesterol were followed. However, the obtained results indicate that S. cerevisiae AAA3 and G. candidum GG1, may be promising candidate strains for use as probiotics. Thus, the potential role of these probiotic yeast cultures on serum lipid of rats was adopted. Twenty-four male albino rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups, six rats each. These rats were acclimatized on basal diet for 7 days before starting the experiment. The first group was fed on basal diet (cont. I), the second group was offered basal diet plus pasteurized buffalo's milk (6.5% fat). The rest two groups were fed on basal diet plus buffalo's milk in addition to either S. cerevisiae or G. candidum. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the experiment (after adaptation period) and at the end of experiment. According to the result of serum analysis, total cholesterol and LDLcholesterol levels in rats fed on S. cerevisiae (group 3) were decreased by 23% and 31.59% respectively. While, the corresponding values for rats consumed G. candidum were relatively lower, actually 21.46% and 29.12% respectively. Moreover, serum triglycerides concentrations reduced by 4.79% and 5.30% for rats in group 3 and 4, respectively as compared with control 1. Furthermore, data obtained declared that rats fed on either S. cerevisiae or G. candidum reduced markedly the atherogenic indexes 1 and 2 by mean values of 11.52, 23.86% and 10.1, 21.49% respectively, as compared with control 1. Continuously, rats fed on both yeast strains showed significant antagonistic effect against either coliform or staphylococci, where the reduction in their populations, actually 10.57, 7.42% for group 3 and 8.30, 18.22% for group 4, respectively.

Field experiments were carried out in Vegetables Research Farm of Kaha, Kalyoubia, Horticulture Research Institute, A.R.C., Egypt to investigate the effect of sprayingwith silicon (1000 and 2000 ppm SiO2) or algae extract (2 ml/L and 4 ml/L) sprayed twice at 45 and 60 days after planting on the growth, early yield, total yield and chemical components on globe artichoke plants of French cultivar (Hyrious) which were grown under drip irrigation during the two successive seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. The obtained results showed that globe artichoke plants were sprayed with silicon (2000 ppm SiO2) or algae extract (4 ml/L) recorded the highest significant increase in all studied growth characters (i.e., plant height, numbers of leaves per plant, total leaves area per plant, fresh and dry weight of shoot). As well as significant increase in the yield parameters (i.e., head diameter, fresh head weight, head length, fresh and dry weight of receptacle) also, the same treatments recorded the highest values of early and total yield per feddan and significant increase chlorophyll a, b , total chlorophyll , in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations as well as total sugar and total amino acid concentrations followed by plants sprayed with silicon (1000 ppm SiO2) or algae extract (2 ml/L) in the two successive seasons when compared with untreated plants.Conclusively, from that obtained data in this study, it can be recommend the use silicon (2000 ppm SiO2) or algae extract (4ml/L)as foliar spray on globe artichoke plants for improve their growth, early and total yield.

Two hundred and ten unsexed one day old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were used until 6 weeks of age to study the effect of Trichoderma reesei fungus(10 8 CFU /ml)and sodium hydroxide(NaOH, 10 g/kg OPM)addition in olive pulp meal(OPM)broiler diets on growth rate, digestion coefficients, some blood parameters, carcass traits and the economic efficiency of feed. The chicks were randomly distributed into seven equal treatments, 30 chicks/treatment with three replicates each. The treatments were control, C (The basal diet without OPM),T1(Basal diet+12% OPM),T2 (Basal diet +12% OPM+fungus), T3 (Basal diet+12% OPM+NaOH), T4 (Basal diet +15% OPM), T5 (Basal diet + 15% OPM + fungus) and T6 (Basal diet + 15% OPM + NaOH). The treated OPM with NaOH showed similar results of body weight and gain as the control .The control treatment recorded the highest value(P<0.01)of feed intake. The best value (P<0.05) of feed conversion ratio was noticed with T3. The treated OPM showed a significant (P<0.05) in CP, CF, NFE, DCP, TDN (%) and ME(kcal/kg)compared to the untreated OPM; The treated and untreated OPM increased plasma cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels, While Triglycerides were decreased with all treatments compared to the control. All treatments recorded high values (P<0.05) of gizzard (%), cecum weight and cecum length compared to the control, the treated and untreated OPM decreased the feed cost/kg meat and increased the net return/kg meat.The results concluded that treating OPM with NaOH or fungus improved the nutritive value of OPM without any adverse effects on birds.

A total number of 180 Sina growing hens 10 weeks of age were used in an experiment till 18 weeks of age. The experiment aimed to study effect of feeding growing hens different levels of Atriplex nummularia leaves meal (ALM) on their performance and feed cost under South Sinai conditions. Experimental birds were divided randomly into four equal experimental treatments (45 in each treatment) and randomly divided into three equal replicates (15 hens each).The first group was fed the basal diet as a control treatment (0 % ALM), while the other three treatments were fed diets containing either 4,8 or 12 % ALM, respectively. Experimental diets were formulated to be iso-caloric (2800 kcal ME /kg diet) and iso-nitrogenous (15% crude protein), iso-fibrous (3.15%) and were formulated in granular form. The inclusion of 8% ALM showed improve in live body weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio with .greater net return and economical efficiency in the diet compared to the other levels. while, decrease (P < 0.05) in live body weight, weight gain and feed intake with the inclusion of 12% ALM in the diet compared to the other levels, Increasing 12% ALM level in the diets significantly decreased (P<0.05) digestion coefficients of OM, CP, CF, NFE% and nutritive values expressed as DCP, TDN % and ME (kcal/kg) up to 12%. However, 12% of ALM significantly increased (P<0.05) digestion coefficient of EE. In conclusion, from the nutritional and economical efficiency stand points of view, up to 8% ALM could be recommended to be used successfully and safely when formulating diet for Sina local growing hens without adversely affecting their performance.