De Nicol6, Honohan, and Ize assess the benefits and * Dollarization is likely to promote financial risks associated with dollarization of the banking system.deepening only in a high inflation environment. The authors provide novel empirical evidence on the * Financial instability is likely higher in dollarized determinants of dollarization, its role in promoting economies. financial development, and on whether dollarization isThe authors discuss the implications of these findings associated with financial instability. They find that:for financial sector and monetary policies. * The credibility of macroeconomic policy and the quality of institutions are both key determinants of crosscountry variations in dollarization.This paper-a joint product of Finance, Development Research Group, and the Monetary and Financial Systems Department, International Monetary Fund-is part of a larger effort to examine institutional determinants of financial development and stability. Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank,
Retour à la table des matières Ce recueil 1 me plaît. La doctrine me paraît sans reproche, quoique le problème soit divisé en petits morceaux. Dans le fait le bonheur est divisé en petits morceaux. Chaque mouvement d'humeur naît d'un événement physiologique passager ; mais nous l'étendons, nous lui donnons un sens oraculaire ; une telle suite d'humeurs fait le malheur, je dis en ceux qui n'ont pas de graves raisons d'être malheureux, car c'est ceux-là qui sont malheureux par leur faute. Les vrais malheurs, je n'en ai rien écrit ; et pourtant je crois qu'on y ajoute encore par l'humeur. Vous vous souvenez d'un mot de Gaston Malherbe du temps qu'il était sous-préfet de Morlaix : « Les fous sont des méchants » me dit-il, Que de fois j'ai eu occasion de répéter ce mot-là Et je crois que le commencement de la folie est une manière irritée de prendre tout, même les choses indifférentes ; c'est une humeur de théâtre, bien composée, bien jouée, mais qui dépasse toujours le projet par une fureur d'exprimer. Cela est méchanceté par un besoin de communiquer le malheur ; et ce qui irrite alors dans le bonheur des autres, c'est qu'on les juge stupides et aveugles. Il y a du prosélytisme dans le fou, et premièrement une volonté de n'être pas guéri. On s'instruit beaucoup si l'on pense que les coups heureux de la fortune ne peuvent guérir un fou. Ce n'est qu'un cas grossi, qui ressemble à nous tous. Une colère est terrible si l'on souffle sur le feu, ridicule si on la regarde aller. 1 Édition originale des Cahiers du Capricorne enfermant soixante Propos.
No abstract
Tracer testing is finding extensive applications in petroleum engineering including determining inter well flow characteristics and has the potential tobe used as a tool for reservoir characterization. However, many tracer tests have still been designed poorly and used in a rather qualitative manner. Despite the fact that a number of previously published analytical models for a quantitative evaluation are instructive, there is still a great need for more sophisticated analytical models to study the collective role of transport parameters. Owing to these facts, in this work we present an analytical model for the transport of tracer in oil reservoirs containing a high permeability streak that may provide a better insight into the mechanisms of tracer/EORfluids transport in oil reservoirs. The new model has several distinguishing aspects. First, both finite longitudinal and transversal tracer dispersions have been accounted in the high permeability streak as well as the tracer loss into the bounding low permeability layers. Thus, being the first analytical unsteady two dimensional tracer transport model, it allows one to observe the roles of both boundary conditions and fluid mechanics controls simultaneously. This is superior feature of the model over the previous analytical models that assume either boundary conditions or fluid mechanics controls dominate. In addition, since the solution is free of numerical dispersion and unphysical oscillations especially in two-dimensional domains, it serves as a higher step-stone for validation of numerical models. Being a general solution of the convection dispersion equation, the new solution will find application in all modern fluid injection processes particularly heat transients during cold water injection, miscible and chemical displacement processes and thermal recovery methods as well. Introduction Reservoir description and evaluation is a continuous process over the productive life of a reservoir. Consider for example development of a reservoir block during a primary or secondary production period. The development of each block generally needs at least several wells and hence determining the degree of connectivity and possible well interference is of vital importance. Bingyu et al.1 states that there are three phases of block development for a specific system such as water drive or steam soak and so on. At the beginning of reservoir development the direction of fractures, the degree of heterogeneity and the effect of injected water are of interest. At later stages of the development determination of the utilization efficiency of injected water, displacement status among wells and the source of produced water becomes important. At the final phase, existence of high permeability streaks, the distribution of oil saturation needs to be determined and the evaluation of the development should be carried out. The tracer test technology has emerged as a powerful tool for studying the interwel flow and transport characteristics2,3. Since any attempt to identify each of previously mentioned features could benefit greatly from interwell tracer tests, the results of tracer tests could contribute greatly to reservoir evaluation and subsequent operational adjustments in each phase of reservoir development. Consider also the enhanced oil recovery period, where an enhanced oil recovery technique involves injection of a small slug of an expensive fluid followed by a less expensive driving fluid. For instance, during a chemical or miscible flood reservoir heterogeneities may lead to channeling due to preferential flow paths and hence to inefficient use of the oil displacing fluid3. Caused by dispersion or loss into confining layers, slugde gradation leading to loss of microscopic displacement efficiency is also a major concern. Tracer tests providing information about the existence and scale of preferential flow paths leading to volumetric and dispersion characteristics leading to microscopic displacement inefficiencies, provide valuable in sightinto how a reservoir would perform in a chemical/miscible displacement process.
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