“…In other words, although it is difficult to modify naïve concepts, it is important to support learning with the idea of effectively using such concepts. Indeed, after acknowledging the difficulty of correcting naïve concepts, Okino and Matsumoto (2011) proposed three instructional procedures for converting naïve concepts into scientific ones: (1) clarification of naïve concepts, (2) clarification of the acquisition of naïve concepts, and (3) connection and matching of naïve and scientific concepts. Using this teaching method, Okino, Yamaoka, and Matsumoto (2016) and Yamaoka, Okino, and Matsumoto (2020) conducted lessons on action reactions.…”