Фактори Ризику Професійних Захворювань Медичних Працівників (Огляд Літератури)

Abstract

The study of the risk factors of occupational diseases is a medical and social issue from a view point of practice and sociology, it is a theoretical basis for the development of methods for their prevention. The official statistical reports prove that in Ukraine, more than 60 % of 1.1 million health workers undergo harmful exposure and danger, and occupational disease occurrence among them is recorded at the level of 0.71 per 100 thousand working population. In the structure of occupational diseases, tuberculosis is first (80–100 %, on average – 87.7 %), diseases of musculoskeletal system are second (1.3–6.7 %, on average – 3.1 %), allergic diseases are third – 1.0–5.1 % (on average – 2.3 %).The aim of the study – to learn and summarize the causes of professional diseases of medical workers in Ukraine.Materials and Methods. Occupational morbidity of medical staff is caused by the influence of risk factors: mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, nervous-emotional. Medical workers under static work conditions are exposed to negative mechanical influences. The harmful effects of physical factor are considerably increased at present due to a widespread implementation of equipment with light, electromagnetic and radioactive radiation into medical and diagnostic processes. Due to the rapid development of chemical and pharmaceutical industries, the number of chemicals that cause not only the therapeutic effect on a patient but also have a negative impact on healthcare workers in cases of their systematic use has increased significantly.Results and Discussion. A group of occupational diseases caused by pathogens of tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, viral hepatitis, skin mycoses, syphilis, and HIV infection is an urgent matter of health care in Ukraine. The risk of HIV infection is about 0.3 % and reaches 10 % in cases of hepatitis C virus, and 30 % in hepatitis B virus. In Ukraine, according to the Ministry of Health, every year 30.0–50.0 thousand patients are diagnosed with this illness (84.1 per 100 thousand population). Manifestations of the emotional affection as a symptom complex of “professional burnout” have been revealed in almost 80 % of psychiatrists, psychotherapists, narcologists, in 61.8 % of dentists, and 60.6 % of medical nurses of oncology departments.Conclusion. The analyses of occupational diseases cases among healthcare workers of various medical facilities of Ukraine in 2011–2017 has proved that the highest number of occupational diseases is registered in TB facilities – 70.1–95.5 %. 3.0–6.4 % of all occupational diseases in the healthcare have been registered in community hospitals, 1.5–10.2 – in psychoneurological hospitals, 1.9–3.0 % – in the Bureau of Forensic Medicine and 2.6–3.0 % – in research institutions.