Липидные Модули В Составе Специализированных Пищевых Продуктов И Диет

L-carnitine plays a key role in cell bioenergetics, it belongs to vitamin-like substances, but unlike vitamins, it not only comes from food, but is also synthesized in the body. Endogenous synthesis decreases with age, under certain physiological conditions, taking medications. In this regard, specialized food products (SFP) and food supplements are being developed, containing L-carnitine as one of the functional ingredients. Comparison of doses of L-carnitine approved for use in biologically active food supplements and specialized food products with doses that provide a clinical effect.A review of existing literature on this issue in recent years was carried out using the RSCI, Pubmed databases and in the Google Scholar, ResearchGate systems. The amount of L-carnitine contained in a daily portion of SPP is established by domestic regulatory documents based on an adequate level of daily intake for adults, which is 300 mg and the upper permissible level of daily intake in the composition of SFP and food supplements is 900 mg/day. Reception of L-carnitine 1–2 g per day. within 5–12 weeks led to an increase in its concentration in the blood plasma, and also improved the indicators of the antioxidant status. Long-term intake of L-carnitine in doses of 2–3 g in patients with dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes (DM2) and cardiovascular diseased (CVD) led to an improvement in the lipid profile of blood plasma, glycemic control, and had an anti-inflammatory effect. The condition for achieving a clinical effect in patients is long-term use and high doses. The intake of physiological doses of L-carnitine is appropriate for individuals from risk groups. Clinically effective doses of L-carnitine, when used for at least 12 weeks, correspond to or are 2 times higher than the upper permissible intake level in the composition of SPP and dietary supplements.

Section: причины дефицита L-карнитинаunclassified

Section: L-карнитин в составе многокомпонентных сппunclassified

L-carnitine: food sources, adequate and clinically effective doses

Kodentsova,

Risnik,

Kryukova

et al. 2024

“…В соответствии с действующей нормативной базой (технический регламент ТР ТС 027/2012 «О безопасности отдельных видов специализированной пищевой продукции, в том числе диетического лечебного и диетического профилактического питания») обязательным условием государственной регистрации СПП является подтверждение их профилактических или лечебных свой ств с позиций доказательной медицины. Обязательным условием этого является наличие статистически значимого положительного воздействия на функцию органов и систем, а также обмен веществ человека при отсутствии нежелательных эффектов [52].…”

Section: заключениеunclassified

Coenzyme Q: food sources, adequate and clinically effective doses

Kodentsova,

Risnik,

Sarkisyan

et al. 2023

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) plays a key role in cell bioenergetics; it is not only supplied with food, but also synthesized in the body. Endogenous CoQ synthesis decreases with age, with statin use, with cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and other diseases. In this regard, specialized food products (SFP) enriched with CoQ are being developed. Aim of the review – compare the CoQ doses allowed for use as part of dietary supplements and SFP with doses that provide a clinical effect. Literature review was carried out using the RSCI, Pubmed databases and Google Scholar, ReserchGate systems for the keywords “ubiquinone”, “coenzyme Q10”. The amount of CoQ contained in SFP is set by domestic regulatory documents based on an adequate daily intake for adults (30 mg) and the upper allowable intake level as part of SFP and dietary supplements – 100 mg/day. Actually used doses of CoQ range from 60 to 500 mg/day. Various ways to increase the bioavailability of CoQ have been described. When patients take CoQ, a U-shaped dose-effect relationship is observed, an effective dose that significantly reduces systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose and insulin levels, the degree of hemoglobin glycation, the HOMA-IR glycemic test is in the range of 100–200 mg / day. An improvement in the antioxidant status and a decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines concentration in the blood plasma of athletes is provided by CoQ doses of 60–300 mg/day, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease, doses of 100–150 mg/day. Clinically effective doses of CoQ (100–200 mg/day) when used for at least 12 weeks correspond to or are 1.5–2 times higher than the upper allowable consumption level in the composition of SFP and dietary supplements. The inclusion of CoQ in the dietary therapeutic SFP in an amount that does not reach doses that are effective in a certain pathology does not achieve the expected result. A possible way to solve the problem is to increase the acceptable levels of consumption of CoQ in SFP, as well as increasing the bioavailability of CoQ in the composition of emulsions, liposomes, phytosomes and oleogels.

“…Пищевые продукты, содержащие витамин D 3 (холекальциферол), в порядке уменьшения содержания выстраиваются в следующий ряд: печень трески, рыба, яйца, печень, сливочное масло [18]. Основную лепту в потребление витамина D 3 населением Европы вносят рыба Иммунология 2022;16(6):181-191 и мясные продукты.…”

Section: пищевые источники витамина Dunclassified

Vitamin D – an alimentary factor in the prevention of diseases caused by its deficiency

Коденцова

Рисник

2022

Vitamin D, including all its vitamers, being a food substance, does not belong to drugs, it can specifically cure those diseases that were caused by its deficiency in the diet. Vitamin D may be officially registered as a dietary supplement or medicine. In both cases, it is intended for the prevention of vitamin D deficiency as well as for the treatment of profound deficiency and its consequences. Doses of vitamin D in them are strictly regulated; they are strictly controlled before being imported and placed on the market. In relation to monovitamins and vitamin complexes registered as dietary supplements, especially for children, increased requirements are imposed on the doses of micronutrients, their forms, auxiliary components Due to the high doses of micronutrients they contain, the presence of auxiliary components that are not permitted for use in baby food, many monovitamins and vitamin complexes simply cannot be registered as dietary supplements and, as a result, are registered as medicines. However, this does not mean that they are more effective. Food supplements in their composition are closer to food products, which confirms the validity of their assignment to the category of specialized products. The effectiveness of vitamin D depends not on the form of state registration, but on the dose, its form and the initial supply of the organism. In order to prevent alimentary deficiency of vitamin D, it is advisable to use dietary supplements, the doses in which are close to the physiological need.