Екстер’єрні Особливості Первісток Українських Чорно- Та Червоно-Рябої Молочних Порід І Їхніх Помісей Зі Швіцькою Та Монбельярдською Породами
Abstract: Метою цієї роботи було проаналізувати розвиток окремих статей кросбредних первісток порів-няно з чистопородними аналогами та з՚ясувати’їхній індекс виробничої спеціалізації. Дослідження проводили на первістках української чорно-рябої молочної породи (n=25) та помісях першого покоління отриманих у результаті схрещування зі швіцькою породою (n=25) та на телицях українськоїчервоно-рябої молочної породи (n=20) та помісях першого покоління отриманих у результаті схре-щування української червоно-рябої молочної з мон… Show more
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The aim of the research. To conduct a comparative analysis of growth characteristics, productive qualities and reproductive capacity of dairy cows using purebred breeding and interbreeding in the herd. Маterials and methods of reserch. The study was conducted in the herd of the State Enterprise “Niva” on cows of Ukrainian Red- and Black-and-White dairy and Holstein breeds. The analysis included information on the growth intensity, reproductive capacity and milk productivity of 978 cows with the first calving during 2015-2021. Among the breeding herds of the Ukrainian Red-and-White and Black-and-White dairy breeds, a comparative analysis of selection groups from breeding "in-house", selective crossing with Holstein and crossbreeds of the first generation with Montbeliard breeds was carried out. The degree of influence of genetic and paratypic factors on the phenotypic variability of the considered traits was assessed by means of univariate analysis of variance with the calculation of Fisher's test and the indicator of the strength of influence based on the ratio (%) of factorial and total variances (sum of squared deviations). Calculations were carried out using the methods of mathematical statistics using the "STATISTICA-12.0" software package on a PC. Research results. A comparison of the growth of live weight of controlled heifers of different breeds shows a certain (0.3–5.6%) advantage of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy animals over peers of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy and Holstein animals of red-and-white color over same-breed Black-and-White heifers. The effectiveness of three selection options was compared in the breeding breeder for the breeding of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy cattle. The advantage of purebred breeding ("in-house") compared to the further use of purebred Holstein breeders has been established. The intergroup difference was insignificant in terms of the reproductive capacity of first-borns. According to the quantitative indicators of milk productivity, there was a reliable advantage in cows for breeding "in-house". The most intensive increase in live weight of heifers, higher milk productivity and reproductive capacity of cows differed from the analyzed interbreed crossing with the Montbeliard breed.The highest intensity of growth of crossbreeds with the Montbeliard breed of animals provided the youngest age of first calving (by 49 ± 19.7 days (P ˂ 0.02) compared to counterparts from inbred crosses and by 75 ± 21.3 g (P ˂ 0.001) – from breeding "in yourself"). In terms of milk yield, the first-born offspring of the Montbeliard breed were superior to their peers from the inbred crossing by 577 ± 73.0 kg (P ˂ 0.001), in terms of milk fat output – by 20.5 ± 2.63 kg (P ˂ 0.001), protein – by 23.2 ± 2.75 kg (P ˂ 0.001). More intensive growth of heifers ensured a significantly younger age of first calving of Montbeliard crossbreds compared to counterparts from self-breeding by 75 ± 21.3 days (P ˂ 0.001), from inbreeding – by 49 ± 19.6 days (P ˂ 0.02). At the younger age of calving, the firstborns of the place were superior to their peers from breeding "in-house" in terms of milk yield in 305 days of lactation by 225 ± 216.1 kg (P ˃ 0.1), from absorptive crosses – by 391 ± 216.1 kg (P ˂ 0.1), according to the output of milk fat – by 11.1 ± 7.47 kg (P ˃ 0.1) and 17.2 ± 7.50 kg (P ˂ 0.05), respectively, protein – by 9.7 ± 6.55 kg (P ˃ 0.1) and 15.6 ± 6.58 kg (P ˂ 0.02). The higher milk productivity of the Montbeliard crossbreds was combined with the better reproductive capacity of the first-borns. According to the coefficient of reproducibility, they exceeded the analogues from breeding "in themselves" by 0.131 ± 0.072 (P ˂ 0.1), from selective crossing – by 0.086 ± 0.073 (P ˃ 0.1) for a shorter service period (corresponding to 75 ± 29.4 days, P ˂ 0.02 and at 60 ± 31.0 days, P ˂ 0.05) and the period between the first and second calving (respectively at 75 ± 29.4 days, P ˂ 0.02 and at 60 ± 31.0 days, P ˂ 0.05). Such an advantage of crossbred cows with the Montbeliard breed may indicate the manifestation of the heterosis effect. Conclusions. 1. The difference between the animals of the Ukrainian Red-and-White and Black-and-White dairy breeds and the Holstein breeds according to the economically useful traits taken into account was mainly insignificant and multidirectional, which reveals almost the same efficiency of their use. 2. With a successful selection of improvers, purebred breeding ("in-house") in herds of Ukrainian Red-and-White and Black-and-White dairy breeds shows higher efficiency compared to the further use of purebred Holstein breeders (receptive crossing). However, at present, this method becomes practically unavailable due to the lack of progeny-rated bulls of the specified domestic breeds with high breeding value. Therefore, for the future, the only possible selection direction remains is further cross-breeding of newly created domestic breeds with improvers of the Holstein breed according to the scheme of selective crossing and formation of an array of breeding cattle of the Holstein breed of Ukrainian selection due to the immediate need to restore the domestic bull breeding system and the mandatory re-evaluation of imported breeders in the conditions of Ukraine. 3. According to most of the considered characteristics, the superiority of crossbred cows with the Montbeliard breed was established. This indicates the manifestation of the effect of heterosis, which, according to theoretical expectations, cannot be preserved in subsequent generations. Therefore, the selection strategy is to create a purebred breeding breeder of the Montbeliard breed by selective crossing. 4. It was established that the degree of intergroup differentiation for most of the considered characteristics increases from the interbreeding difference to the difference according to the selection method and the highest difference between groups of half-sisters by father. The analysis of variance established that the pedigree determines 0.03–3.9% of the total phenotypic variability of growth intensity, reproductive capacity and milk productivity of cows, the selection method – 0.02–18.1%, and the highest influence (4.2–55.8%) gives descent according to the father. 5. The correlation analysis established the superiority of the additive component (50.2–60.4%) in the genotypic variance, which will ensure high efficiency of mass selection based on the productivity of cows for higher lactation to the breeding core. The relative variability of the sire's breeding value with the milk productivity of the daughters at the level of 10.1–13.5% confirms the selective feasibility of progeny assessment and the selection of identified improver bulls.
The aim of the research. To conduct a comparative analysis of growth characteristics, productive qualities and reproductive capacity of dairy cows using purebred breeding and interbreeding in the herd. Маterials and methods of reserch. The study was conducted in the herd of the State Enterprise “Niva” on cows of Ukrainian Red- and Black-and-White dairy and Holstein breeds. The analysis included information on the growth intensity, reproductive capacity and milk productivity of 978 cows with the first calving during 2015-2021. Among the breeding herds of the Ukrainian Red-and-White and Black-and-White dairy breeds, a comparative analysis of selection groups from breeding "in-house", selective crossing with Holstein and crossbreeds of the first generation with Montbeliard breeds was carried out. The degree of influence of genetic and paratypic factors on the phenotypic variability of the considered traits was assessed by means of univariate analysis of variance with the calculation of Fisher's test and the indicator of the strength of influence based on the ratio (%) of factorial and total variances (sum of squared deviations). Calculations were carried out using the methods of mathematical statistics using the "STATISTICA-12.0" software package on a PC. Research results. A comparison of the growth of live weight of controlled heifers of different breeds shows a certain (0.3–5.6%) advantage of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy animals over peers of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy and Holstein animals of red-and-white color over same-breed Black-and-White heifers. The effectiveness of three selection options was compared in the breeding breeder for the breeding of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy cattle. The advantage of purebred breeding ("in-house") compared to the further use of purebred Holstein breeders has been established. The intergroup difference was insignificant in terms of the reproductive capacity of first-borns. According to the quantitative indicators of milk productivity, there was a reliable advantage in cows for breeding "in-house". The most intensive increase in live weight of heifers, higher milk productivity and reproductive capacity of cows differed from the analyzed interbreed crossing with the Montbeliard breed.The highest intensity of growth of crossbreeds with the Montbeliard breed of animals provided the youngest age of first calving (by 49 ± 19.7 days (P ˂ 0.02) compared to counterparts from inbred crosses and by 75 ± 21.3 g (P ˂ 0.001) – from breeding "in yourself"). In terms of milk yield, the first-born offspring of the Montbeliard breed were superior to their peers from the inbred crossing by 577 ± 73.0 kg (P ˂ 0.001), in terms of milk fat output – by 20.5 ± 2.63 kg (P ˂ 0.001), protein – by 23.2 ± 2.75 kg (P ˂ 0.001). More intensive growth of heifers ensured a significantly younger age of first calving of Montbeliard crossbreds compared to counterparts from self-breeding by 75 ± 21.3 days (P ˂ 0.001), from inbreeding – by 49 ± 19.6 days (P ˂ 0.02). At the younger age of calving, the firstborns of the place were superior to their peers from breeding "in-house" in terms of milk yield in 305 days of lactation by 225 ± 216.1 kg (P ˃ 0.1), from absorptive crosses – by 391 ± 216.1 kg (P ˂ 0.1), according to the output of milk fat – by 11.1 ± 7.47 kg (P ˃ 0.1) and 17.2 ± 7.50 kg (P ˂ 0.05), respectively, protein – by 9.7 ± 6.55 kg (P ˃ 0.1) and 15.6 ± 6.58 kg (P ˂ 0.02). The higher milk productivity of the Montbeliard crossbreds was combined with the better reproductive capacity of the first-borns. According to the coefficient of reproducibility, they exceeded the analogues from breeding "in themselves" by 0.131 ± 0.072 (P ˂ 0.1), from selective crossing – by 0.086 ± 0.073 (P ˃ 0.1) for a shorter service period (corresponding to 75 ± 29.4 days, P ˂ 0.02 and at 60 ± 31.0 days, P ˂ 0.05) and the period between the first and second calving (respectively at 75 ± 29.4 days, P ˂ 0.02 and at 60 ± 31.0 days, P ˂ 0.05). Such an advantage of crossbred cows with the Montbeliard breed may indicate the manifestation of the heterosis effect. Conclusions. 1. The difference between the animals of the Ukrainian Red-and-White and Black-and-White dairy breeds and the Holstein breeds according to the economically useful traits taken into account was mainly insignificant and multidirectional, which reveals almost the same efficiency of their use. 2. With a successful selection of improvers, purebred breeding ("in-house") in herds of Ukrainian Red-and-White and Black-and-White dairy breeds shows higher efficiency compared to the further use of purebred Holstein breeders (receptive crossing). However, at present, this method becomes practically unavailable due to the lack of progeny-rated bulls of the specified domestic breeds with high breeding value. Therefore, for the future, the only possible selection direction remains is further cross-breeding of newly created domestic breeds with improvers of the Holstein breed according to the scheme of selective crossing and formation of an array of breeding cattle of the Holstein breed of Ukrainian selection due to the immediate need to restore the domestic bull breeding system and the mandatory re-evaluation of imported breeders in the conditions of Ukraine. 3. According to most of the considered characteristics, the superiority of crossbred cows with the Montbeliard breed was established. This indicates the manifestation of the effect of heterosis, which, according to theoretical expectations, cannot be preserved in subsequent generations. Therefore, the selection strategy is to create a purebred breeding breeder of the Montbeliard breed by selective crossing. 4. It was established that the degree of intergroup differentiation for most of the considered characteristics increases from the interbreeding difference to the difference according to the selection method and the highest difference between groups of half-sisters by father. The analysis of variance established that the pedigree determines 0.03–3.9% of the total phenotypic variability of growth intensity, reproductive capacity and milk productivity of cows, the selection method – 0.02–18.1%, and the highest influence (4.2–55.8%) gives descent according to the father. 5. The correlation analysis established the superiority of the additive component (50.2–60.4%) in the genotypic variance, which will ensure high efficiency of mass selection based on the productivity of cows for higher lactation to the breeding core. The relative variability of the sire's breeding value with the milk productivity of the daughters at the level of 10.1–13.5% confirms the selective feasibility of progeny assessment and the selection of identified improver bulls.
Introduction. One of the main goals of the dairy industry is to achieve high productivity of cows with minimal costs for maintaining the herd. In recent years, when selecting cows, preference has been given to animals that combine the best productivity and reproduction with longevity and body type.In countries with developed animal husbandry, considerable attention is paid to the evaluation of the exterior of animals. Quantitative evaluation of the exterior by the method of linear classification according to the type of body structure is a necessary element of the comprehensive analysis of dairy cattle. With the intensive use of dairy cows, the introduction of modern technological solutions dependent on the biological characteristics of animals, the highest quality products can be obtained only under the conditions of successful selection of cows for breeding in the conditions of industrial technology. At the same time, the integral characteristic of a whole organism, reflected through a complex of exterior indicators, is presented in a modern linear assessment of the type of body structure of animals, which combines the analysis of cows by productivity and appearance (exterior).Research materials and methods. The research was carried out in the herd of the breeding farm LLC "Agrofirma "Svitanok" of the Maryinsky district of the Donetsk region. The analysis included information on 945 cows, the exterior of which was evaluated in the second – fourth month of the first lactation during the years 2007‒2020. By breed, 581 of the cows under control were classified as Ukrainian Red Dairy, 239 – Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy, and 125 – Holstein breeds.In the studied animals, conditional blood of the improving Holstein breed was taken into account, considering its possible significant influence on the exterior and productivity of cows. We also took into account the age (months) of the assessment of the exterior of the first-calf heifers.Research results. Over 14 years of research, a noticeable improvement of the exterior in the direction of an increase in overall dimensions, better development of the breast, pelvis and udder was noted, which was accompanied by a significant increase in milk productivity. According to the proportions of the body structure, the indices of long-leggedness, shortness, massiveness, thoracic and eirisomia increase curvilinearly, while the index of stretch decreases. The chronological year factor reliably determines 9.0‒40.6% of the total phenotypic variability of measurements, 5.9‒39.8% of the variability of descriptive features of linear classification by body structure type, 5.9–37.3% of the variability of exterior indices and 59.2% of the variability of the milk yield of first-calf heifers.Improvement of the exterior and milk productivity of controlled animals was caused not only by the paratypical influence of a complex of economic and natural conditions of different years of animal use, improvement of technological conditions of keeping, feeding, raising the level of breeding of repair heifers, but also by the simultaneous influence of the genetic progress of the herd through the use of improver bulls, breed improvement and growth of conditional blood for the improving Holstein breed.A reliable (P < 0.001) direct relationship (r = 34.8 ± 3.12%) of the proportion of non-pigmented skin areas with conditional blood was established by the Holstein breed. The share of "white" color, as well as conditional blood by the improving breed, reveals a reliable level of relative variability with certain features of the exterior of first-calf heifers and productivity of cows. An increase in conditional blood for the improved Holstein breed leads to an improvement in the exterior, an increase in the proportion of non-pigmented skin areas and milk productivity of cows.The season of birth practically does not affect the general development and proportions of the body structure of animals. It accounts for only 0.1‒1.3% of the total phenotypic variability in the measurements of first-calf heifers, 0.06‒1.5% of the variability of individual descriptive features of linear assessment by type, and 0.03‒1.3% of the variability of body structure indices at a mostly unreliable level statistical significance (P = 0.004‒0.972). The influence of the season of birth on the milk yield of first-calf heifers was also low (1.6 ± 0.33%) at a statistically significant level of confidence (P = 0.002).Holstein cows, despite being younger by 3.0‒3.6 months at the age of assessment (as a result of higher precociousness), prevailed over the first-calf heifers Ukrainian Black-and-White and Red Dairy breeds in terms of most measurements and other external characteristics. The weight gain of Holstein cows in 305 days of the first lactation exceeded that of the Ukrainian Black-and-Dairy cows by 1840 ± 146.3 kg and Ukrainian Red Dairy cows by 2093 ± 130.2 kg (P < 0.001). Belonging to the breed determined 1.3‒20.5% of the total phenotypic variability of the measurements of first-calf heifers, 0.06‒7.6% of the variability of the descriptive features of linear classification by type, and 0.3‒7.3% of the variability of body structure indices. The influence of breed affiliation on the share of non-pigmented skin areas was more significant (12.2%), and the largest (19.8%) on the number of days after 305 days of the first lactation.The genetic factor of paternal origin has the most significant influence on the variability of external features of cows. Paternal descent accounted for 8.8‒45.9% of the variability in the measurements of first-calf heifers, 10.5‒40.5% of the variability in descriptive features of linear classification by type, and 8.2‒42.0% of the variability in body structure indices. The influence of the father on the share of non-pigmented areas of the skin was 22.6 ± 3.39% (P < 0.001), on the hope of the first-calf heifers – 57.6 ± 1.85% (P < 0.001). The best development in terms of most exterior traits and higher milk productivity were noted in the daughters of Holstein bulls С. E. Altadecree US64633889, Sarucco DE350995813 and Shirly NL447860719, from breeders of the Ukrainian Red Dairy breed – daughters of Tsvitok UA435 and Surguch UA6500134711. The worst in terms of appearance and performance were the first-calf heifers from the Holstein bulls Motabo DE578507835 and Campino Red DE112825601 and the breeders of the Ukrainian Red Dairy breed Misyats UA6333 and Ducat UA125.Conclusions. Improvement of the exterior and milk productivity of controlled animals was caused not only by the paratypical influence of a complex of economic and natural conditions of different years of animal use, improvement of technological conditions of keeping, feeding, raising the level of breeding of repair heifers, but also by the simultaneous influence of the genetic progress of the herd through the use of improver bulls, breed improvement and growth of conditional blood for the improving Holstein breed.A reliable (P < 0.001) direct relationship (r = 34.8 ± 3.12%) of the proportion of non-pigmented skin areas with conditional blood was established by the Holstein breed. The share of "white" color, as well as conditional blood by the improving breed, reveals a reliable level of relative variability with certain features of the exterior of first-calf heifers and productivity of cows. The season of birth practically does not affect the general development and proportions of the body structure of animals.Holstein cows, despite being younger by 3.0‒3.6 months at the age of assessment (as a result of higher precociousness), prevailed over the first-calf heifers Ukrainian Black-and-White and Red Dairy breeds in terms of most measurements and other external characteristics. The genetic factor of paternal origin has the most significant influence on the variability of external features of cows. The influence of the father on the share of non-pigmented areas of the skin was 22.6 ± 3.39% (P < 0.001), on the hope of the first-calf heifers – 57.6 ± 1.85% (P < 0.001).
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