γ-Radiolysis of isobutanol and nitrate in aqueous solution

Gamma-induced interconnected networks in microporous activated carbons from palm petiole under NaNO3 oxidizing environment towards high-performance electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs)

“…In the presence of NaNO 3 , the hydrated electrons (e − (aq) ) and • H produced react with NO 3 ions as described in Reaction 2 (R2) with the rate constant of 9.7 × 10 9 M -1 s -1 and Reaction 3 (R3) with the rate constant of 1.0 × 10 7 M −1 s −1 , respectively [33][34][35] . R2 and R3 lead to e -(aq) and • H scavenging which also reduce the chain reactions generating H 2 36 . As a result, the key radiolytic primary species remain in the medium are • OH and H 2 O 2 , and the overall chemistry system is converted into a fully oxidizing condition.…”

“…As opposed to rechargeable batteries whose cyclic life is shorten after a number of chemical reaction-based charge/discharge processes, EDLCs can maintain exceptional electrode structure and high capacity even after millions of operating cycles 3 . Unfortunately EDLCs commercially available still suffer from a much lower energy density (< 10 Wh kg −1 ) when compared to those of batteries (35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40) Wh kg −1 ) 4 . In fact, the energy density and total capacitance of a supercapacitor can be improved when introducing an additional charge storage-charge transfer mechanism so-called pseudocapacitance to the electrode material.…”

Electrochemical degradation of a C6-perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) using a simple activated carbon cathode

“…A 0.1 M sodium perchlorate or sodium sulfate electrolyte was employed in both cells, each of which was filled with 220 mL of electrolyte. In certain experiments 0.1 or 1 mM of sodium nitrate, a hydrated electron scavenger, 25 was also present. PFMeUPA was introduced into the catholyte and allowed to mix well for a few seconds prior to collecting a 1 mL aliquot for the time 0 fluoride and PFMeUPA determination.…”

“…23,24 Key scavengers of e aq − include protons, dissolved oxygen, natural organic matter, and nitrate. 23,25 In general, degradation processes involving the formation of reactive hydrated electrons are termed advanced reductive processes (ARP), although these can also refer to reductive degradation processes involving atomic hydrogen radicals (H˙), sulfite radical anions (SO 3 ˙−) or sulfur dioxide radical anions (SO 2 ˙−) depending on the activation method used and the chemical solute employed. 23 The main issue associated with current PFAS treatments where reactive radical species are produced, such as UV/sulfite systems, is the fleeting contact between the contaminant and the ephemeral radical species produced.…”