β-Haemolytic group A streptococci emm75 carrying altered pyrogenic exotoxin A linked to scarlet fever in adults

Dong, Hongjun; Xu, Guozhang; Li, Shuhua; Song, Qifan; Liu, Shijian; Lin, Han; Chai, Yibiao; Zhou, Aimin; Fang, Ting; Zhang, Hongwei; Jin, Chun-Guang; Lu, Wei; Cao, Guangwen

doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2008.01.047

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Scarlet fever is caused by erythogenic toxins produced by group A Streptococcus (GAS) which is mainly transmitted through direct contact with saliva and nasal fluids from infected persons [1]. The disease is characterized by a sorethroat, fever, and a sandpaper-like rash on reddened skin and most commonly occurs in winter and spring and most commonly affects children [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China

Chen

Chen²,

Sun

et al. 2019

BMC Infect Dis

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BackgroundSince 2011, there has been an increase in the incidence of scarlet fever across China. The main objective of this study was to depict the spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China, in 2018 so as to provide the scientific basis for effective strategies of scarlet control and prevention.MethodsExcel 2010 was used to demonstrate the temporal distribution at the month level and ArcGIS10.3 was used to demonstrate the spatial distribution at the district/county level. Moran’s autocorrelation coefficient was used to examine the spatial autocorrelation and the Getis-Ord statistic was used to determine the hot-spot areas of scarlet fever.ResultsA total of 2314 scarlet fever cases were reported in Shenyang in 2018 with an annual incidence of 31.24 per 100,000. The incidence among males was higher than that among females(p<0.001). A vast majority of the cases (96.89%) were among children aged 3 to 11 years. The highest incidence was 625.34/100,000 in children aged 5–9 years. In 2018 there were two seasonal peaks of scarlet fever in June (summer-peak) and December (winter-peak). The incidence of scarlet fever in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas(p<0.001). The incidence of scarlet fever was randomly distributed in Shenyang. There are hotspot areas located in seven districts.ConclusionsUrban areas are the hot spots of scarlet fever and joint prevention and control measures between districts should be applied. Children aged 3–11 are the main source of scarlet fever and therefore the introduction of prevention and control into kindergarten and primary schools may be key to the control of scarlet fever epidemics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China

Chen

Chen²,

Sun

et al. 2019

BMC Infect Dis

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“…Scarlet fever, also known as “scarlatina”, is a contagious disease caused by erythrogenic exotoxin, a substance produced by Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Beta Haemolytic Streptococcus, GABHS) , which usually occurs in winter and spring and commonly affects children [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The incubation period ranges from 12 h to 7 days following contact with an infected person.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Today, scarlet fever rarely occurs in developed countries. However, it is a notifiable disease in developing countries, and outbreaks in teaching institutions have been recorded worldwide, including in Australia [ 14 ], Hong Kong [ 15 ], Taiwan [ 16 ], the United Kingdom and Mainland China [ 3 , 4 , 17 , 18 ]. In England, more than 1200 scarlet fever cases were reported from January to March in 2015 [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Pattern Analysis of Scarlet Fever Incidence in Beijing, China, 2005–2014

Mahara

Wang

Huo

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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Objective: To probe the spatiotemporal patterns of the incidence of scarlet fever in Beijing, China, from 2005 to 2014. Methods: A spatiotemporal analysis was conducted at the district/county level in the Beijing region based on the reported cases of scarlet fever during the study period. Moran’s autocorrelation coefficient was used to examine the spatial autocorrelation of scarlet fever, whereas the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic was used to determine the hotspot incidence of scarlet fever. Likewise, the space-time scan statistic was used to detect the space-time clusters, including the relative risk of scarlet fever incidence across all settings. Results: A total of 26,860 scarlet fever cases were reported in Beijing during the study period (2005–2014). The average annual incidence of scarlet fever was 14.25 per 100,000 population (range, 6.76 to 32.03 per 100,000). The incidence among males was higher than that among females, and more than two-thirds of scarlet fever cases (83.8%) were among children 3–8 years old. The seasonal incidence peaks occurred from March to July. A higher relative risk area was mainly in the city and urban districts of Beijing. The most likely space-time clusters and secondary clusters were detected to be diversely distributed in every study year. Conclusions: The spatiotemporal patterns of scarlet fever were relatively unsteady in Beijing from 2005 to 2014. The at-risk population was mainly scattered in urban settings and dense districts with high population, indicating a positive relationship between population density and increased risk of scarlet fever exposure. Children under 15 years of age were the most susceptible to scarlet fever.

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“…Scarlet fever is caused by erythogenic toxins produced by group A Streptococcus (GAS) which is mainly transmitted through direct contact with saliva and nasal fluids from infected persons [1] . The disease is characterized by a sorethroat, fever, and a sandpaperlike rash on reddened skin and most commonly occurs in winter and spring and most commonly affects children [2] . In 2011, an outbreak of scarlet fever hit Hong Kong (China) and over 600 cases were reported by the end of June 2011 [3] , with two deaths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang , China

Chen

Sun

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background: Since 2011, there has been an increase in the incidence of scarlet fever across China. The main objective of this study was to depict the spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China, in 2018 so as to provide the scientific basis for effective strategies of scarlet control and prevention. Methods: Excel 2010 was used to demonstrate the temporal distribution at the month level and ArcGIS10.3 was used to demonstrate the spatial distribution at the district/county level. Moran’s autocorrelation coefficient was used to examine the spatial autocorrelation and the Getis-Ord statistic was used to determine the hot-spot areas of scarlet fever. Results: A total of 2,314 scarlet fever cases were reported in Shenyang in 2018 with an annual incidence of 31.24 per 100,000. The incidence among males was higher than that among females（p＜0.001). A vast majority of the cases (96.89%) were among children aged 3 to 11 years. The highest incidence was 625.34/100,000 in children aged 5-9 years. In 2018 there were two seasonal peaks of scarlet fever in June (summer-peak) and December (winter-peak).The incidence of scarlet fever in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas(p＜0.001).The incidence of scarlet fever was randomly distributed in Shenyang. There are hotspot areas located in seven districts. Conclusions: Urban areas are the hot spots of scarlet fever and joint prevention and control measures between districts should be applied. Children aged 3-11 are the main source of scarlet fever and therefore the introduction of prevention and control into kindergarten and primary schools may be key to the control of scarlet fever epidemics.

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β-Haemolytic group A streptococci emm75 carrying altered pyrogenic exotoxin A linked to scarlet fever in adults

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China

Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China

Spatiotemporal Pattern Analysis of Scarlet Fever Incidence in Beijing, China, 2005–2014

Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang , China

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