β-glucuronidase activity and enterolactone concentration in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine, and milk of Holstein cows fed increased levels of flax (Linum usitatissimum) meal

Schogor, Ana Luiza Bachmann; Palin, Marie‐France; Santos, Geraldo Tadeu dos; Benchaar, C.; Petit, H.V.

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.004

Cited by 4 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…However, no significant differences in the concentrations of EL in urine, plasma, and milk were observed when FO was administered in the rumen and FH infused in the abomasum [8], which confirm that rumen is the major site for conversion of SDG to EL. In addition, the ruminal concentration of EL increased linearly and a strong correlation (r = 0.76) between EL concentrations in ruminal fluid and milk was observed in dairy cows fed incremental amounts of FM [0, 5, 10, and 15% of the diet dry matter (DM)] [10,42], further reinforcing the key role of the ruminal microbiota in the metabolism of flaxseed-SDG.…”

Section: Metabolism Of Lignans In the Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The flaxseed lignans SDG, secoisolariciresinol (SECO), pinoresinol, lariciresinol, and matairesinol are converted by the gut microbiota of humans [6,24] and ruminants [7,8,9,10] to the enterolignans ED and EL. In contrast, the lignan isolariciresinol, also derived from flaxseed, is not converted to ED and EL [25].…”

Section: Metabolism Of Lignans In the Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It appears that in ruminants, ED and EL are absorbed in the rumen and intestines [10,43,44], possibly as conjugated forms like other phytoestrogens including formononetin, daidzein, and equol [43]. Interestingly, sheep had a greater conjugative activity than cattle in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract evaluated (i.e., rumen, reticulum, omasum) except in the small intestine [43].…”

Section: Metabolism Of Lignans In the Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, deconjugation performed by gut microbial β-glucuronidases and sulfatases is known to enhance the reabsorption of ED and EL [36,45,46]. Studies conducted with lactating dairy cows showed no relationship between flaxseed supplementation (FH or FM) and activity of microbial β-glucuronidase in the rumen [8,10,47], thus suggesting that this enzyme has little or no involvement in the ruminal absorption of EL, possibly because conjugation occurs during or after cell uptake of enterolignans [43]. In fact, when the ruminal activity of microbial β-glucuronidase decreased in dairy cows fed FH [48], the concentrations of EL in rumen, plasma, urine, and milk increased compared with the control diet.…”

Section: Metabolism Of Lignans In the Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The outer fibrous-containing layers of flaxseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) is the richest source of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) [5], which accounts for over 95% of the total lignans found in flax [6]. In ruminants, the rumen appears to be the main site for conversion of SDG into the mammalian lignans ED and EL [7,8,9,10]. However, only EL was detected in milk of dairy cows fed flaxseed meal (FM) [11] possibly because of ruminal dehydrogenation reactions converting ED to EL like those occurring in humans [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Lignan Metabolism, Milk Enterolactone Concentration, and Antioxidant Status of Dairy Cows Fed Flaxseed

Brito

Zang

2018

Molecules

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Lignans are polyphenolic compounds with a wide spectrum of biological functions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activities, therefore, there is an increasing interest in promoting the inclusion of lignan-rich foods in humans’ diets. Flaxseed is the richest source of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside—a compound found in the outer fibrous-containing layers of flax. The rumen appears to be the major site for the conversion of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside to the enterolignans enterodiol and enterolactone, but only enterolactone has been detected in milk of dairy cows fed flaxseed products (whole seeds, hulls, meal). However, there is limited information regarding the ruminal microbiota species involved in the metabolism of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Likewise, little is known about how dietary manipulation such as varying the nonstructural carbohydrate profile of rations affects milk enterolactone in dairy cows. Our review covers the gastrointestinal tract metabolism of lignans in humans and animals and presents an in-depth assessment of research that have investigated the impacts of flaxseed products on milk enterolactone concentration and animal health. It also addresses the pharmacokinetics of enterolactone consumed through milk, which may have implications to ruminants and humans’ health.

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Section: Metabolism Of Lignans In the Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Metabolism Of Lignans In the Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metabolism Of Lignans In the Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metabolism Of Lignans In the Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A Review of Lignan Metabolism, Milk Enterolactone Concentration, and Antioxidant Status of Dairy Cows Fed Flaxseed

Brito

Zang

2018

Molecules

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Replacing soybean meal with flax seed meal: effects on nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis and growth performance in sheep

Hao

et al. 2020

Animal

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Flax seed meal (FSM) is rich in various nutrients, especially CP and energy, and can be used as animal protein feed. In animal husbandry production, it is a long-term goal to replace soybean meal (SBM) in animal feed with other plant protein feed. However, studies on the effects of replacing SBM with FSM in fattening sheep are limited. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of replacing a portion of SBM with FSM on nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis and growth performance in sheep. Thirty-six Dorper × Small Thin-Tailed crossbred rams (BW = 40.4 ± 1.73 kg, mean ± SD) were randomly assigned into four groups. The dietary treatments (forage/concentrate, 45 : 55) were isocaloric according to the nutrient requirements of rams. Soybean meal was replaced with FSM at different levels (DM basis): (1) 18% SBM (18SBM), (2) 12% SBM and 6% FSM (6FSM), (3) 6% SBM and 12% FSM (12FSM) and (4) 18% FSM (18FSM). The rams were fed in individual pens for 60 days, with the first 10 days for adaptation to diets, and then the digestibility of nutrients was determined. There was no significant difference in DM intake, but quadratic (P < 0.001) effects on the average daily gain and feed efficiency were detected, with the highest values in the 6FSM and 12FSM groups. For DM and NDF digestibility, quadratic effects were observed with the higher values in the 6FSM and 12FSM groups, but the digestibility of CP linearly decreased with the increase in FSM in the diet (P = 0.043). There was a quadratic (P < 0.001) effect of FSM inclusion rate on the estimated microbial CP yield. However, the values of intestinally absorbable dietary protein decreased linearly (P < 0.001). For the supply of metabolisable protein, both the linear (P = 0.001) and quadratic (P = 0.044) effects were observed with the lowest value in the 18FSM group. Overall, the results indicated that SBM can be effectively replaced by FSM in the diets of fattening sheep and the optimal proportion was 12.0% under the conditions of this experiment.

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Production performance and oxidative stability of milk enriched with n-3 fatty acids in Holstein cows fed flaxseed meal

et al. 2021

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Six Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin Square design to investigate the effect of flaxseed meal on production performance and oxidative stability of milk enriched with n-3 fatty acids. Flaxseed oil was abomasally infused to all cows at 243 g d-1 which increased milk concentration of α-linolenic acid from 3.08 (pretrial) up to 53.0 mg g-1 fat. On a dry matter basis, dietary treatments were: canola meal (165 g kg-1; CM), flaxseed meal (165 g kg-1; FM), and canola meal (165 g kg-1) + vitamin E (300 IU kg-1; VE). Pre-planned contrasts were CM vs. FM and VE vs. FM. No difference was observed on dry matter intake, milk production, and yield of milk protein and lactose for any of the contrasts evaluated. However, fat yield tended to be lower with FM relative to CM but was not different from VE. Milk enterolactone concentration was 6.8-fold greater with FM than with CM, whereas milk tocopherol was increased by 3.4-fold with VE relative to FM. Increased concentrations of enterolactone or tocopherol were not efficient to significantly modify the time course of appearance of propanal, hexanal, hept-cis-4-enal, and 1-octen-3-one in milk during storage evaluated for 10 d at 4 °C.

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β-glucuronidase activity and enterolactone concentration in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine, and milk of Holstein cows fed increased levels of flax (Linum usitatissimum) meal

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

A Review of Lignan Metabolism, Milk Enterolactone Concentration, and Antioxidant Status of Dairy Cows Fed Flaxseed

A Review of Lignan Metabolism, Milk Enterolactone Concentration, and Antioxidant Status of Dairy Cows Fed Flaxseed

Replacing soybean meal with flax seed meal: effects on nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis and growth performance in sheep

Production performance and oxidative stability of milk enriched with n-3 fatty acids in Holstein cows fed flaxseed meal

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