β-carotene isolated from the marine red alga, Gracillaria sp. potently attenuates the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells by modulating multiple molecular pathways

Pro-oxidant Actions of Carotenoids in Triggering Apoptosis of Cancer Cells: A Review of Emerging Evidence

“…In contrast, in the gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS, β-carotene can trigger apoptosis by increasing p53 and Bcl-2, although the oxidative damage marker shows a decrease [ 59 ], suggesting that separate routes of p53 activation and apoptosis exist in different carotenoids and cell lines. For example, in the liver cancer cell line HepG2, treatment with β-carotene at 1 to 5 μM inhibits growth signals (such as NF-kB, pAkt, and pERK) and redox signals (such as nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf-2), SOD-2, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)) but triggers apoptotic signals such as cleaved PARP, Bax, and caspase [ 48 ].…”

Lutein inhibits breast cancer cell growth by suppressing antioxidant and cell survival signals and induces apoptosis

“…Lutein was found to be one of the major CDs in S. oleracea . Lutein in column separated fraction (Figure 1a) and HPLC purified matter (Figure 1b) was identified based on the retention time and absorption spectrum (λmax) on the HPLC chromatogram as described in our previous papers (Kavalappa et al, 2019; Sowmya Shree et al, 2017). Studies have reported that lutein is a predominant CD in almost all dark green leafy vegetables (Humphries & Khachik, 2003).…”

“…Lutein is a xanthophyll nonprovitamin A CD widely reported to display protective roles against macular degeneration, but studies on its growth inhibitory efficacy against cancer cells at the molecular level are very limited. In our previous studies, we noticed that cancer cells from diverse origins possess differential sensitivity to CDs treatment (Ganesan et al, 2011; Kavalappa et al, 2019; Sowmya Shree et al, 2017). Data obtained from the current study indicate that MCF‐7 cells are more susceptible to lutein treatment than MDA‐MB‐231 cells.…”

“…The absorption spectrum (λmax) of lutein was measured using a Shimadzu HPLC system connected with a photodiode array detector (SPD‐M10A; Shimadzu, Japan). The mass spectra of the purified lutein were measured using an Eksigent UHPLC connected to SCIEX 5500 QTOF System as described by Kavalappa et al (2019). Purified lutein (purity ≥ 95%) was stored in a deep freezer at –80°C for further experimental analysis.…”

“…| 1799 purified lutein were measured using an Eksigent UHPLC connected to SCIEX 5500 QTOF System as described by Kavalappa et al (2019).…”