Zosteric acid—An effective antifoulant for reducing fresh water bacterial attachment on coatings

Abstract

Zosteric acid, a natural product present in eelgrass, has been found to prevent the attachment of some bacteria and barnacles. The results indicate that it may also be effective at reducing the early stages of biofouling, such as the attachment of bacteria that lead to a biofilm. In this study, the ability of zosteric acid in reducing the early stages of fouling was evaluated using attachment studies of fresh water bacteria via two approaches. First, plain coatings were submersed in water containing zosteric acid and either enriched Lake Erie bacteria or Pseudomonas putida, a model fresh water bacteria. It was found that zosteric acid with a concentration one-tenth of its EC 50 (the concentration eliminates 50% of the bacteria) was able to reduce bacterial attachment by more than 90%. The second approach incorporated zosteric acid into silicone coatings in the presence of a common solvent to achieve the slow release of zosteric acid; such coatings were then subjected to the bacterial attachment. A ~75% reduction in bacterial attachment was found for 1 wt% zosteric acid entrapped Sylgard ® 184, a model silicone coating, but the reduction only achieved ~55% for 1 wt% zosteric acid entrapped in a commercial silicone coating, RTV11.

Indole derivatives inhibited the formation of bacterial biofilm and modulated Ca2+ efflux in diatom

“…Similarly, the inhibitory activities of 6-chloroindole and 6-chlorooxindole against bacterial biofilm were better than that of 5-chloroindole and 5-bromoindole, and the activity of gramine was the worst. Several reports also focused on the antibacterial activity of some chemicals such as 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, Diketopiperazine (DKP) and zosteric acid (Newby et al, 2006;Qi et al, 2009). The MIC of 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid against Loktanella hongkongensis was 80 mg L À1 and the EC 50 of Zosteric acid against Pseudomonas putida was 166 mg L À1 .…”

Bioactive natural products from marine angiosperms: abundance and functions

“…Similarly, the occurrence of RA with other phenols like caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid were traced from the leaves of Z. noltii 28 . Similarly, zosteric acid (ZA), chemically p-(sulfooxy) cinnamic acid, becomes noteworthy for its anti-fouling activity 29 , which has been proved to inhibit the growth of biofilm forming bacteria 30,31 and fungal spores 32 . Both the living leaves 33 and the detritus of the seagrasses Z. noltii and Z. marina serve as a rich source of ZA that could justify significant exploitation of this low cost, very abundant and renewable, but relatively unused, marine resource 34 .…”

Studies on Biocide Free and Biocide Loaded Zeolite Hybrid Polymer Coatings on Zinc Phosphated Mild Steel for the Protection of Ships Hulls from Biofouling and Corrosion

“…The aqueous phase was retained and washed by addition of methanol and finally the desired product with a yield of 52% was obtained. [8,10,16,17] 2.5 Loading of the Biocide into the Porous Material of the Zeolite (ZSM-5)…”