Zootoxicological properties of venom phosphodiesterase

Russell, Findlay E.; Buess, Fred W.; Woo, Moon Y.

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(63)90070-9

Cited by 43 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…TLE and kallikrein-like serine proteases target the blood-coagulation cascade, and TLEs have received significant attention for their ability to cleave fibrinogen and deplete the major clotting factors that would normally assist with clot formation [ 22 , 23 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. Phosphodiesterases, which comprises <1% of the C. polystictus venom proteome, generates purine nucleosides and may assist with prey immobilization via hypotension [ 51 , 52 ]. L-amino acid oxidases, which make up approximately 4% of the venom proteome, appear to have multiple roles in subduing prey.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom Ontogeny in the Mexican Lance-Headed Rattlesnake (Crotalus polystictus)

Mackessy

Leroy

Mociño-Deloya

et al. 2018

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

As trophic adaptations, rattlesnake venoms can vary in composition depending on several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Ontogenetic changes in venom composition have been documented for numerous species, but little is known of the potential age-related changes in many rattlesnake species found in México. In the current study, venom samples collected from adult and neonate Crotalus polystictus from Estado de México were subjected to enzymatic and electrophoretic analyses, toxicity assays (LD50), and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and a pooled sample of adult venom was analyzed by shotgun proteomics. Electrophoretic profiles of adult males and females were quite similar, and only minor sex-based variation was noted. However, distinct differences were observed between venoms from adult females and their neonate offspring. Several prominent bands, including P-I and P-III snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) and disintegrins (confirmed by MS/MS) were present in adult venoms and absent/greatly reduced in neonate venoms. Age-dependent differences in SVMP, kallikrein-like, phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) activity levels were confirmed by enzymatic activity assays, and like many other rattlesnake species, venoms from adult snakes have higher SVMP activity than neonate venoms. Conversely, PLA2 activity was approximately 2.5 × greater in venoms from neonates, likely contributing to the increased toxicity (neonate venom LD50 = 4.5 μg/g) towards non-Swiss albino mice when compared to adult venoms (LD50 = 5.5 μg/g). Thrombin-like (TLE) and phosphodiesterase activities did not vary significantly with age. A significant effect of sex (between adult male and adult female venoms) was also observed for SVMP, TLE, and LAAO activities. Analysis of pooled adult venom by LC-MS/MS identified 14 toxin protein families, dominated by bradykinin-inhibitory peptides, SVMPs (P-I, P-II and P-III), disintegrins, PLA2s, C-type-lectins, CRiSPs, serine proteinases, and LAAOs (96% of total venom proteins). Neonate and adult C. polystictus in this population consume almost exclusively mammals, suggesting that age-based differences in composition are related to physical differences in prey (e.g., surface-to-volume ratio differences) rather than taxonomic differences between prey. Venoms from adult C. polystictus fit a Type I pattern (high SVMP activity, lower toxicity), which is characteristic of many larger-bodied rattlesnakes of North America.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom Ontogeny in the Mexican Lance-Headed Rattlesnake (Crotalus polystictus)

Mackessy

Leroy

Mociño-Deloya

et al. 2018

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These enzymes primarily act to liberate nucleosides which may help in prey immobilization [ 76 – 78 ]. Venom phosphodiesterases are known to cause locomotor depression and reduction of mean arterial blood pressure [ 79 ]. Together with 5’NUCs and toxins with hypotensive and immobilising potentials such as OVF, AChE and NGF, these components may act synergistically to enhance prey subduing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom-gland transcriptome and venom proteome of the Malaysian king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundThe king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is widely distributed throughout many parts of Asia. This study aims to investigate the complexity of Malaysian Ophiophagus hannah (MOh) venom for a better understanding of king cobra venom variation and its envenoming pathophysiology. The venom gland transcriptome was investigated using the Illumina HiSeq™ platform, while the venom proteome was profiled by 1D-SDS-PAGE-nano-ESI-LCMS/MS.ResultsTranscriptomic results reveal high redundancy of toxin transcripts (3357.36 FPKM/transcript) despite small cluster numbers, implying gene duplication and diversification within restricted protein families. Among the 23 toxin families identified, three-finger toxins (3FTxs) and snake-venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) have the most diverse isoforms. These 2 toxin families are also the most abundantly transcribed, followed in descending order by phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), Kunitz-type inhibitors (KUNs), and L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs). Seventeen toxin families exhibited low mRNA expression, including hyaluronidase, DPP-IV and 5’-nucleotidase that were not previously reported in the venom-gland transcriptome of a Balinese O. hannah. On the other hand, the MOh proteome includes 3FTxs, the most abundantly expressed proteins in the venom (43 % toxin sbundance). Within this toxin family, there are 6 long-chain, 5 short-chain and 2 non-conventional 3FTx. Neurotoxins comprise the major 3FTxs in the MOh venom, consistent with rapid neuromuscular paralysis reported in systemic envenoming. The presence of toxic enzymes such as LAAOs, SVMPs and PLA2 would explain tissue inflammation and necrotising destruction in local envenoming. Dissimilarities in the subtypes and sequences between the neurotoxins of MOh and Naja kaouthia (monocled cobra) are in agreement with the poor cross-neutralization activity of N. kaouthia antivenom used against MOh venom. Besides, the presence of cobra venom factor, nerve growth factors, phosphodiesterase, 5’-nucleotidase, and DPP-IV in the venom proteome suggests its probable hypotensive action in subduing prey.ConclusionThis study reports the diversity and abundance of toxins in the venom of the Malaysian king cobra (MOh). The results correlate with the pathophysiological actions of MOh venom, and dispute the use of Naja cobra antivenoms to treat MOh envenomation. The findings also provide a deeper insight into venom variations due to geography, which is crucial for the development of a useful pan-regional antivenom.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1828-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

show abstract

“…viridis helleri, highly active preparations were obtained with this method. With some species only small modifications are required (184,195); with others none of the steps can be applied.…”

Section: A Venom Exonuclease (Venom Phosphodiesterase)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DNase I1 (180)(181)(182)(183)(184)(185)(186)(187) Deoxy octopus (183) Deoxy Mung bean (188)(189)(190) Both Micrococcal (191)(192)(193)(194)(195)(196)(197) was an alternative explanation that the first cleavage was caused by a contaminating endonuclease. Finding an exonuclease in Bacillus subtilis which reverses polarity depending on the location of hydroxyl groups (see Section VII-A) highly increases the probability that some exonucleases are capable of reversing polarity.…”

Section: Deoxymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dnases and Their Use in the Studies of Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids

Laskowski¹

1967

Advances in Enzymology - And Related Areas of Molecular Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Zootoxicological properties of venom phosphodiesterase

Cited by 43 publications

References 14 publications

Venom Ontogeny in the Mexican Lance-Headed Rattlesnake (Crotalus polystictus)

Venom Ontogeny in the Mexican Lance-Headed Rattlesnake (Crotalus polystictus)

Venom-gland transcriptome and venom proteome of the Malaysian king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)

Dnases and Their Use in the Studies of Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About