Zoonotic Risk for Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Wild Swan Feathers

Yamamoto, Yu; Nakamura, Kikuyasu; Yamada, Manabu; Ito, Toshihiro

doi:10.1292/jvms.001549

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…AI virus (H5N1) infection in humans in the Republic of Azerbaijan is suspected to have been caused by defeathering of infected wild swans (10). We previously reported that AI virus (H5N1) can replicate in wild swan feathers, demonstrating the zoonotic potential of feathers as a source of AI virus (H5N1) infection (55). In addition to waterfowl, histological evidence of the presence of AI virus (H5N1) in feathers has been reported for chickens experimentally infected with the virus (56).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Asymptomatically infected domestic ducks can shed the virus continuously from their oral cavity and cloaca, contributing significantly to silent spread of AI virus (H5N1) (15,33,38). We previously reported that AI virus (H5N1) can replicate in feather epidermal cells in ducks, geese, and swans (53,55). Feathers easily drop off the body, and infected feathers have the potential to cause environmental contamination.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Persistence of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Feathers Detached from Bodies of Infected Domestic Ducks

Yamamoto

Nakamura

Yamada

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) continues to cause mortality in poultry and wild bird populations at a panzootic scale. However, little is known about its persistence in contaminated tissues derived from infected birds. We investigated avian influenza virus (H5N1) persistence in feathers detached from bodies of infected ducks to evaluate their potential risk for environmental contamination. Four-week-old domestic ducks were inoculated with different clades of avian influenza virus (H5N1). Feathers, drinking water, and feces were collected on day 3 postinoculation and stored at 4°C or 20°C. Viral persistence in samples was investigated for 360 days by virus isolation and reverse transcription-PCR. Infectious viruses persisted for the longest period in feathers, compared with drinking water and feces, at both 4°C and 20°C. Viral infectivity persisted in the feathers for 160 days at 4°C and for 15 days at 20°C. Viral titers of 10 4.3 50% egg infectious doses/ml or greater were detected for 120 days in feathers stored at 4°C. Viral RNA in feathers was more stable than the infectivity. These results indicate that feathers detached from domestic ducks infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) can be a source of environmental contamination and may function as fomites with high viral loads in the environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Feathers Detached from Bodies of Infected Domestic Ducks

Yamamoto

Nakamura

Yamada

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…These results suggest that feathers could represent a source of environmental contamination, as well as a source of infection for other birds (including game birds or birds of prey) or mammals that pick dead individuals, and thus eat infected feathers or inhale their dusts. Furthermore, feathers may represent a risk of zoonotic infection when being plucked from dead infected birds without appropriate protective equipment, as already suggested for waterfowl (Yamamoto et al, 2009).…”

Section: Pathobiology Of Hpaivs In Minor Gallinaceous Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathobiology of avian influenza virus infection in minor gallinaceous species: a review

2014

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“…Our results suggest that feathers of chickens infected with HPAI H5N1 virus could pose a risk of virus spread in the environment. Defeathering birds with suspected HPAI virus infections is not recommended unless personal protective equipment is used (19,29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Tissues Derived from Experimentally Infected Chickens

Yamamoto

Nakamura

Mase

2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been a severe threat to the poultry industry since its emergence in 1996. The carcass or tissues derived from infected birds may present the risk of the virus spreading to humans, animals, and the surrounding environment. In this study, we investigated the survival of the virus in feather, muscle, and liver tissues collected from six chickens (Gallus gallus) experimentally infected with HPAI H5N1 virus. The tissues were stored at ϩ4°C or ϩ20°C, and viral isolation was performed at different times for 360 days. The maximum periods for viral survival were observed in samples stored at ϩ4°C in all tissue types and were 240 days in feather tissues, 160 days in muscle, and 20 days in liver. The viral infectivity at ϩ20°C was maintained for a maximum of 30 days in the feather tissues, 20 days in muscle, and 3 days in liver. The viral inactivation rates partly overlapped in the feather and muscle tissues at the two temperatures. The virus was inactivated rapidly in the liver. Our experimental results indicate that the tissue type and temperature can greatly influence the survival of HPAI H5N1 virus in the tissues of infected chickens.IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype can cause massive losses of poultry, and people need to handle a large number of chicken carcasses contaminated with the virus at outbreak sites. This study evaluated how long the virus can keep its infectivity in the three types of tissues derived from chickens infected with the virus. Our experimental results indicate that the virus can survive in tissues for a specific period of time depending on the tissue type and temperature. Our results are valuable for better understanding of viral ecology in the environment and for reducing the risk of the virus spreading via bird tissues contaminated with the virus.KEYWORDS chicken, H5N1 subtype, influenza A virus, survival, tissue S ince its emergence in 1996, Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been a severe threat to the poultry industry in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (1, 2). In 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5 virus, with a hemagglutinin gene derived from Eurasian HPAI H5N1 virus, was introduced into North America (3). In total, 42 million chickens and 7.5 million turkeys were destroyed during outbreaks in the United States in 2014 to 2015 (4). HPAI H5N1 virus has also become a public health concern, and 907 human cases with a case fatality rate of 53.3% due to avian origin H5N1 influenza virus infection were reported during 1997 to 2015 (5). In particular, 82.5% of these human cases had a history of exposure to poultry prior to disease manifestation (5).Experimental studies have been performed to elucidate the survival of the avian influenza virus in the environment, using various media such as distilled water, environmental water, and bird feces (6, 7). Temperature, pH, and salinity are factors that greatly influence viral survival (8, 9, 10). A...

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Zoonotic Risk for Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Wild Swan Feathers

Cited by 18 publications

References 18 publications

Persistence of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Feathers Detached from Bodies of Infected Domestic Ducks

Persistence of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Feathers Detached from Bodies of Infected Domestic Ducks

Pathobiology of avian influenza virus infection in minor gallinaceous species: a review

Survival of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Tissues Derived from Experimentally Infected Chickens

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