Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy

Wang, Lin; Zhang, Hongwei; Zhao, Xu-Dong; Zhang, Longxian; Zhang, Guoqing; Guo, Meijin; Liu, Huan; Feng, Yaoyu; Xiao, Lihua

doi:10.1128/jcm.02758-12

Cited by 220 publications

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“…In phylogenetic analysis, these genotypes form some unique groups. Group 1 is found in humans and animals, while groups 2 to 8 are found mostly in specific hosts and wastewater (7,8,11).Recently, zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes have been reported in AIDS patients, children, nonhuman primates, pigs, and urban wastewater in China (8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. However, studies in companion animals, such as dogs and cats, which are considered highrisk hosts for the zoonotic transmission of such diseases, remain scarce.…”

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Genetic Diversity in Enterocytozoon bieneusi Isolates from Dogs and Cats in China: Host Specificity and Public Health Implications

et al. 2014

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cTo explore the genetic diversity, host specificity, and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, feces from 348 stray and pet dogs and 96 pet cats from different locations in China were examined by internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based PCR. E. bieneusi was detected in 15.5% of the dogs, including 20.5% of stray dogs and 11.7% of pet dogs, and in 11.5% of the pet cats. Higher infection rates were recorded in the >2-year and the 1-to 2-year age groups in dogs and cats, respectively. Altogether, 24 genotypes, including 11 known and 13 new, were detected in 65 infected animals. In 54 positive dogs, 18 genotypes, 9 known (PtEbIX, O, D, CM1, EbpA, Peru8, type IV, EbpC, and PigEBITS5) and 9 new (CD1 to CD9), were found. In contrast, 8 genotypes, 4 known (D, BEB6, I, and PtEbIX) and 4 new (CC1 to CC4), were identified in 11 infected cats. The dominant genotype in dogs was PtEbIX (26/54). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 8 known genotypes (D, Peru8, type IV, CM1, EbpC, PigEBITS5, O, and EbpA) and 7 new genotypes (CD1 to CD4 and CC2 to CC4) were the members of zoonotic group 1, whereas genotypes CD7, CD8, and CD9 together with PtEbIX belonged to the dog-specific group, and genotypes CD6 and CC1 were placed in group 2 with BEB6 and I. Conversely, genotype CD5 clustered with CM4 without belonging to any previous groups. We conclude that zoonotic genotypes are common in dogs and cats, as are host-specific genotypes in dogs. M icrosporidia, obligate eukaryotic intracellular pathogens, are considered to be highly diverged and specialized parasites, formerly classified as protozoa (1) and recently included in the fungus kingdom without further subdivision (2). They infect a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts (3). Among the human-infecting microsporidian species, Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently diagnosed in AIDS patients with chronic diarrhea, organ transplant recipients, children, the elderly, and patients with malignant diseases and diabetes (4, 5). In addition, E. bieneusi has been reported in various wild, domestic, and companion mammals and birds worldwide (4, 6). Thus, microsporidiosis by E. bieneusi is regarded as a zoonosis, although the range of animal hosts and their involvement in transmission are poorly understood.Recent molecular approaches based on sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) enable us to assess the host specificity and public health significance of the organism (6, 7). There are now at least 204 reported ITS genotypes of E. bieneusi, and new genotypes have been identified in various animals, humans, and water bodies (6,(8)(9)(10). In phylogenetic analysis, these genotypes form some unique groups. Group 1 is found in humans and animals, while groups 2 to 8 are found mostly in specific hosts and wastewater (7,8,11).Recently, zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes have been reported in AIDS patients, children, nonhuman primates, pigs, and urban wastewater in China (8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. However, studies...

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Genetic Diversity in Enterocytozoon bieneusi Isolates from Dogs and Cats in China: Host Specificity and Public Health Implications

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“…Contact with pigs was considered a risk factor for acquisition of E. bieneusi genotype EbpC in HIV ϩ farmers in Henan (8). Genotype EbpC has also been sporadically reported in dogs (city of Xian), monkeys (Henan), hospitalized children (Shanghai), and wastewater (Wuhan and Qingdao) in China (5, 9, 13).…”

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“…Genotypic typing and phylogenetic analysis facilitated classification of the almost 200 genotypes identified thus far into genetic group 1 with zoonotic potential and several other host-adapted genetic clusters (4)(5)(6)(7). Infections with E. bieneusi in humans have been repeatedly reported worldwide, although epidemiologic data to indicate the prevalence and risk of human microsporidiosis in China are limited (8)(9)(10). The frequent and close contact of humans with livestock in China is of potential zoonotic concern (6,7).…”

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“…Despite repeated reports of E. bieneusi in humans and domestic and wild animals in China, the transmission routes of human microsporidiosis remain unclear (1,(8)(9)(10)(13)(14)(15). Contact with pigs was considered a risk factor for acquisition of E. bieneusi genotype EbpC in HIV ϩ farmers in Henan (8).…”

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“…The extent of genetic relationships among E. bieneusi genotypes identified in this study was evaluated by molecular phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method, which showed clustering of the known genotypes CS-4 (subgroup 1e), EbpC (1d), Henan-IV (1d), and the new genotypes NEC1 (1d), NEC2 (1d), NEC3 (1e), NEC4 (1d), and NEC5 (1e) in genetic group 1 with the zoonotic potential described by Thellier and Breton (4) (8), genotypes D, EbpA, EbpC, Henan-I (reported as SH7), IV (reported as SH12), Peru11, SH1 to SH4, SH6, and SH8 to SH11 in children in the city of Shanghai in central China (9), and some other genotypes previously reported in humans and pigs in other geographic areas of the world (3). Zoonotic potential and public health significance.…”

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Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in Children in Northeast China and Assessment of Risk of Zoonotic Transmission

et al. 2014

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The prevalence (7.5%, 19/255) and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in children of various age categories and clinical presentations were determined herein. The co-occurrence of the known genotypes (CS-4, EbpC, and Henan-IV) in children and pigs in the same study area, the phylogenetic characterization of novel genotypes (NEC1 to NEC5), and the assessment of potential risk factors associated with zoonotic transmission robustly suggested that pigs could be a significant source of human E. bieneusi infections in northeast China. Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a ubiquitous unicellular microsporidian fungal pathogen with a broad host range, infects many species of humans, livestock, wildlife, and birds and causes significant infectious diarrhea in immunocompromised hosts, notably AIDS patients and children (1-3). Approximately 90% of reported cases of human microsporidiosis are caused by E. bieneusi; the risk factors for infections include an immunosuppressive condition (AIDS patients), young age (children), and contact with contaminated food and water and other infected humans and animals (1).Investigations of both human and animal samples for E. bieneusi genotypes that rely on hypermutation of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) have been helpful in elucidating the transmission routes of microsporidiosis (3). Genotypic typing and phylogenetic analysis facilitated classification of the almost 200 genotypes identified thus far into genetic group 1 with zoonotic potential and several other host-adapted genetic clusters (4-7). Infections with E. bieneusi in humans have been repeatedly reported worldwide, although epidemiologic data to indicate the prevalence and risk of human microsporidiosis in China are limited (8-10). The frequent and close contact of humans with livestock in China is of potential zoonotic concern (6, 7). This study investigated 255 fecal specimens from children in the cities of Harbin and Daqing in northeast China for E. bieneusi genotypes and analyzed the risk for potentially zoonotic transmission of microsporidiosis.Study population. Fecal specimens (n ϭ 255) from children (one specimen per child) were collected in a community hospital (IH) (n ϭ 40), two nursery schools (NS) (NS1, n ϭ 20; NS2, n ϭ 17), and a primary school (PS) (PS1, n ϭ 57) in suburban Harbin in June 2013 and in four primary schools (PS2, n ϭ 41; PS3, n ϭ 11; PS4, n ϭ 29; PS5, n ϭ 40) in suburban Daqing in July 2014 (Table 1). Only four children in the community hospital had diarrhea, while the others had nongastrointestinal illnesses. The nursery and primary school children were all healthy at the time of sampling. The specimens were divided into four age groups: group I included 31 preweaned in-hospital children Ͻ1 year of age; group II included nine weaned in-hospital children aged 1 to 3 years; group III included 37 nursery school children aged 3 to 6 years; and group IV included 178 primary school children aged 6 to 12 years (Table 1). Background information on age, gender, and clinical presentations (diarrhea or ...

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Epidemiology of Microsporidia in Human Infections

Fayer

Santín‐Durán

2014

Microsporidia

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Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy

Cited by 220 publications

References 49 publications

Genetic Diversity in Enterocytozoon bieneusi Isolates from Dogs and Cats in China: Host Specificity and Public Health Implications

Genetic Diversity in Enterocytozoon bieneusi Isolates from Dogs and Cats in China: Host Specificity and Public Health Implications

Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in Children in Northeast China and Assessment of Risk of Zoonotic Transmission

Epidemiology of Microsporidia in Human Infections

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