Zoonoses, Public Health, and the Backyard Poultry Flock

Grunkemeyer, Vanessa L.

doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2011.05.010

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Non-commercial poultry flocks (denoted as "small flocks") are increasingly popular in urban, suburban, and rural areas in North America [1][2][3]. Small flocks can pose a health risk to their owners by exposing them to zoonotic pathogens [4][5][6][7] through consumption of contaminated meat or eggs [8,9], or direct contact with infected birds [10] or their environment [11]. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in zoonotic pathogens adds to this risk [12][13][14][15] because infections with antimicrobial resistant bacteria are more difficult to treat, and result in higher morbidity and mortality [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates: a two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada

et al. 2019

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Background: Although keeping small poultry flocks is increasingly popular in Ontario, information on the antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric bacteria of such flocks is lacking. The current study was conducted on small poultry flocks in Ontario between October 2015 and September 2017, and samples were submitted on a voluntary basis to Ontario's Animal Health Laboratory. From each submission, a pooled cecal sample was obtained from all the birds of the same species from the same flock and tested for the presence of two common enteric pathogens, E. coli and Salmonella. Three different isolates from each E. coli-positive sample and one isolate from each Salmonellapositive sample were selected and tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials using a broth microdilution technique. Results: A total of 433 fecal E. coli isolates (358 chicken, 27 turkey, 24 duck, and 24 game bird) and 5 Salmonella isolates (3 chicken, 1 turkey, and 1 duck) were recovered. One hundred and sixty-seven chicken, 5 turkey, 14 duck, and 15 game bird E. coli isolates were pan-susceptible. For E. coli, a moderate to high proportion of isolates were resistant to tetracycline (43% chicken, 81% turkey, 42% duck, and 38% game bird isolates), streptomycin (29% chicken, 37% turkey, and 33% game bird isolates), sulfonamides (17% chicken, 37% turkey, and 21% duck isolates), and ampicillin (16% chicken and 41% turkey isolates). Multidrug resistance was found in 37% of turkey, 20% of chicken, 13% of duck, and 8% of game bird E. coli isolates. Salmonella isolates were most frequently resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, and sulfonamides. Resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, macrolides, and quinolones was infrequent in both E. coli and Salmonella isolates. Cluster and correlation analyses identified streptomycin-tetracyclinesulfisoxazole-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as the most common resistance pattern in chicken E. coli isolates. Turkey E. coli isolates compared to all the other poultry species had higher odds of resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin, and a higher multidrug resistance rate. Conclusions: Escherichia coli isolates were frequently resistant to antimicrobials commonly used to treat poultry bacterial infections, which highlights the necessity of judicious antimicrobial use to limit the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates: a two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada

et al. 2019

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“…Some were published by Agronomes et Vétérinaires Sans Frontières (AVSF) as recommendations for Cambodia, Vietnam and the Caribbean [33,77,78] or by DEFRA in the United Kingdom [79]. One of the articles also mentioned recommendations for avian influenza in all sectors [35] while two focused on backyard flocks [54,80]. These documents introduce the principles of biosecurity, and provide a list of the measures described above for application ranging from backyard flocks to veterinary paraprofessionals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosecurity measures for backyard poultry in developing countries: a systematic review

et al. 2012

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BackgroundPoultry represents an important sector in animal production, with backyard flocks representing a huge majority, especially in the developing countries. In these countries, villagers raise poultry to meet household food demands and as additional sources of incomes. Backyard production methods imply low biosecurity measures and high risk of infectious diseases, such as Newcastle disease or zoonosis such as Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI).We reviewed literature on biosecurity practices for prevention of infectious diseases, and published recommendations for backyard poultry and assessed evidence of their impact and feasibility, particularly in developing countries. Documents were sourced from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) website, and from Pubmed and Google databases.ResultsA total of 62 peer-reviewed and non-referred documents were found, most of which were published recently (after 2004) and focused on HPAI/H5N1-related biosecurity measures (64%). Recommendations addressed measures for flock management, feed and water management, poultry trade and stock change, poultry health management and the risk to humans. Only one general guideline was found for backyard poultry-related biosecurity; the other documents were drawn up for specific developing settings and only engaged their authors (e.g. consultants). These national guidelines written by consultants generated recommendations regarding measures derived from the highest standards of commercial poultry production. Although biosecurity principles of isolation and containment are described in most documents, only a few documents were found on the impact of measures in family poultry settings and none gave any evidence of their feasibility and effectiveness for backyard poultry.ConclusionsGiven the persistent threat posed by HPAI/H5N1 to humans in developing countries, our findings highlight the importance of encouraging applied research toward identifying sustained and adapted biosecurity measures for smallholder poultry flocks in low-income countries.

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“…Zoonotic pathogens reported in fowl include Salmonella spp, Chlamydia psittaci, Mycobacterium spp, Campylobacter spp, Erysipelothrix coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Enterococcus spp, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, avian influenza, Newcastle disease, eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis, West Nile virus, Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptosporidium spp, Microsporum gallinae, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, Dermanyssus gallinae, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp, and Strongyloides avium. 4…”

Section: Triagementioning

confidence: 99%

Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl

González¹,

Carrasco

2016

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice

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Fowl are birds belonging to one of the 2 biological orders, the game fowl or land fowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). Studies of anatomic and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives. Multiple fowl species have a long history of domestication. Fowl are considered food-producing animals in most countries and clinicians should follow legislation regarding reportable diseases and antibiotic use, even if they are pets. This article reviews aspects of emergency care for most commonly kept fowl, including triage, patient assessment, diagnostic procedures, supportive care, short-term hospitalization, and common emergency presentations.

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Zoonoses, Public Health, and the Backyard Poultry Flock

Cited by 21 publications

References 35 publications

Antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates: a two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada

Antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates: a two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada

Biosecurity measures for backyard poultry in developing countries: a systematic review

Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl

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