Zoonoses from animal meat and milk

Pradhan, Abani K.; Karanth, Shraddha

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819470-6.00029-9

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…A raised, itchy lump that turns into a pain-free ulcer, encircled by a black region of dead tissue, resulted from cutaneous anthrax. Gastrointestinal anthrax can induce nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting and bloody diarrhea (Pradhan and karanth 2023). Anthrax significantly impacted human history and was responsible for several deadly outbreaks.…”

Section: Anthraxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Respiratory Diseases: Historic Impact and Emerging Threats

2023

IJAB

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Zoonotic respiratory illnesses have played a significant role in shaping human history and continue to pose global health challenges by crossing over from animals to humans. This abstract investigates the historical significance of diseases and the current dangers they pose, with a focus on specific examples and their consequences. Throughout history, respiratory pandemics that have caused widespread devastation have been triggered by infectious agents originating from various animal sources. The 1918 Spanish Flu, which originated from an H1N1 influenza A virus with mixed avian and swine origins, serves as a notable illustration of the effects of zoonotic respiratory illnesses. Tuberculosis, caused by a bacterial infection, has demonstrated the ability to cross from cattle to humans, showing zoonotic potential with Mycobacterium bovis. New dangers in the current world consist of illnesses such as MERS and Avian Influenza. MERS, which is caused by a type of coronavirus, has been connected to dromedary camels, emphasizing the ongoing danger of animals passing diseases to humans. Constantly looming threats, avian flu variants such as H5N1 and H7N9 originate from wild birds as their natural hosts. The effects of zoonotic respiratory diseases are displayed through the COVID-19 pandemic, which is a result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Bats are thought to be the original source of the virus, and it is likely passed on to other animals before reaching humans. Confronting these difficulties requires a comprehensive and collaborative strategy. The integration of human, animal, and environmental health is essential for effective surveillance and mitigation strategies, known as the One Health approach. Effective collaboration on a global scale, sharing of data, and comprehending the factors involved in the transmission of zoonotic diseases are essential for preventing and managing these illnesses. In light of continued challenges with respiratory diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, it is essential to take a proactive and multidisciplinary approach to safeguard human health from these changing dangers.

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Section: Anthraxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Respiratory Diseases: Historic Impact and Emerging Threats

2023

IJAB

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“…This lack of awareness, along with inadequate enforcement of biosecurity regulations, is exacerbating the risk of AI transmission in the country [12]. Poor farm management practices such as the use of unprocessed poultry waste as animal feed and the overcrowding of birds due to poorly designed farm contribute to the spread of AI [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poor biosafety and biosecurity practices and haphazard antibiotics usage in poultry farms in Nepal hindering antimicrobial stewardship

Poudel

Sharma²,

Dhital³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Poultry industry in Nepal has experienced remarkable growth in the last decade, but farm biosafety and biosecurity measures are often overlooked by farmers due to lack of knowledge or to save cost. As a result, farms often suffer from sporadic and regular outbreaks of many zoonotic diseases such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), impacting production and creating public health challenges. Poor farm management practices, including overuse of antibiotics for prophylaxis and therapeutics, can complicate the spread of poultry diseases by creating and enhancing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that is threating to both, poultry, and human health. We assessed biosafety, biosecurity risks and AMR stewardship in sixteen poultry farms located in four districts (Ramechhap, Nuwakot, Sindhupalchowk, and Kavre) surrounding densely populated Kathmandu valley. Risk assessment and AMR stewardship evaluation questionnaire were administered to formulate biosafety and biosecurity compliance matrix (BBCM). Risk assessment checklist assessed facility operations, personnel and standard operating procedures, water supply, cleaning and maintenance, rodent/pest control and farm record keeping. Oral and cloacal samples from the poultry were collected, pooled, and screened for eight poultry pathogens using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests. Based on BBCM, we identified one of the farms in Sindhupalchowk (Farm 4) having the most (BBCM score= 67%) and a farm in Kavre (Farm 3) to having the least (BBCM score= 12%) biosafety and biosecurity compliance. Although most of the farms (61.6%) followed general poultry farming practices, only half had clean and well-maintained farms. Personal safety standard procedure compliance (BBCM score = 42.4%) and rodent control (BBCM score = 3.1%) were the biggest gaps. At least one of either bacterial or viral pathogen was detected in all farms. Mycoplasma gallisepticum was the most common disease detected in all but one farm, followed by Mycoplasma synoviae. Although more than half of the farmers considered AMR a threat, over 26% of them used antibiotics as a preventive measure and 81% did not consider withdrawal period for antibiotics prior to processing of their meat products. Additionally, antibiotics classified as Watch and Restrict by the WHO were frequently used by the farmers to treat bacterial infections in their farms. Lack of awareness and inadequate enforcement of regulations have exacerbated the risk of disease transmission in farms and compromised antimicrobial stewardship.

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“…These zoonotic pathogens may contaminate milk either whilst the milk is still in the udder [21]. Raw milk is usually colonized by a variety of many zoonotic pathogens such as enterohaemorragic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella melitensis, Mycobacterium bovis [22]. These pathogens represent an important source of foodborne pathogens [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on mastitis and public health importance of mastitis causing pathogens in raw milk from Mastitis infected dairy goat.

Bedruddin

2023

Preprint

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Goat milk has medicinal value for children and contributes much more for the wellbeing of human baby. Goat milk provides more nutritional value than dairy cow’s milk. Despite the large number of goats and their contributions to the livelihood of the farmers, goat productivity is low due to prevalence of different diseases. One of the major diseases that affect the dairy goats is mastitis. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, caused by over 150 different contagious or environmental micro‑organisms. Mastitis in goats constitutes an enormous animal health problem. In addition to causing health problems, inflammation of the mammary glands can also cause poor quality of milk. Milk produced by goats with mastitis presents a serious risk in terms of public health as it can be linked to milk-borne diseases for humans. Raw milk from Mastitis infected goat is usually colonized by a variety of many zoonotic pathogens such as enterohaemorragic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella melitensis, Mycobacterium bovis. These pathogens in milk have been linked to mastitis milk. These zoonotic organisms may lead to health problems in the human population such as tuberculosis (TB), brucellosis, haemorrhagic enteritis, salmonellosis and food poisoning. Transmission of pathogens from animals to humans can occur via consumption of milk, especially when these products are consumed raw.

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Zoonoses from animal meat and milk

Cited by 6 publications

References 70 publications

Zoonotic Respiratory Diseases: Historic Impact and Emerging Threats

Zoonotic Respiratory Diseases: Historic Impact and Emerging Threats

Poor biosafety and biosecurity practices and haphazard antibiotics usage in poultry farms in Nepal hindering antimicrobial stewardship

Review on mastitis and public health importance of mastitis causing pathogens in raw milk from Mastitis infected dairy goat.

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