ZnO Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator for the Kinetics Study of Human Blood Coagulation

Abstract

Miniaturized and rapid blood coagulation assay technologies are critical in many clinical settings. In this paper, we present a ZnO film bulk acoustic resonator for the kinetic analysis of human blood coagulation. The resonator operated in thickness shear resonance mode at 1.4 GHz. When the resonator contacted the liquid environment, the viscous loading effect was considered as the additional resistance and inductance in the equivalent circuits, resulting in a linear relationship with a slope of approximately −217 kHz/cP between the liquid viscosity and the frequency of the resonator. The downshift of the resonant frequency and the viscosity change during the blood coagulation were correlated to monitor the coagulation process. The sigmoidal trend was observed in the frequency response for the blood samples activated by thromboplastin and calcium ions. The coagulation kinetics involving sequential phases of steady reaction, growth and saturation were revealed through the time-dependent frequency profiles. The enzymatic cascade time, the coagulation rate, the coagulation time and the clot degree were provided by fitting the time-frequency curves. The prothrombin times were compared with the results measured by a standard coagulometer and show a good correlation. Thanks to the excellent potential of integration, miniaturization and the availability of direct digital signals, the film bulk acoustic resonator has promising application for both clinical and personal use coagulation testing technologies.

Detection of cardiac biomarkers in serum using a micro-electromechanical film electroacoustic resonator

“…The serum made a more obvious damping effect on the resonance, which accords with the fact that the serum has a higher viscoelastic constant than that of water. The Modified Butterworth-Van Dyke (MBVD) equivalent circuit model [38][39][40] was used to describe the electric characterization of the resonator. Table 1 summarizes the circuit parameters obtained by fitting the impedance curves measured in different mediums.…”

Micro-Electromechanical Acoustic Resonator Coated with Polyethyleneimine Nanofibers for the Detection of Formaldehyde Vapor

“…As a result, the properties of sensitive coating determine the molecule recognitions, and directly affect the sensitivity, stability and reversibility of the sensor. Up to now, a variety of sensitive coatings, such as polymers [ 23 , 24 ], proteins [ 25 , 26 , 27 ], aptamers [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ], enzymes [ 32 , 33 ], supramolecular monolayers [ 34 , 35 ], hydrophilic film [ 23 ] and CNTs [ 36 ] have been employed for FBAR sensors to achieve the selectivity for different analytes.…”

Point-of-Care Assessment of Hemostasis with a Love-Mode Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor

“…Acoustic biosensors, specifically the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), − the film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR), and the surface acoustic wave (SAW), can provide valuable hemorheology information and feature advantages of fast and real-time electronic readout. Parylene-C passivated QCM exhibited enhanced signal stability and repeatability since using the typical QCM it was difficult to obtain steady curves owing to the frequency vibration and little frequency decrease .…”

“…34,35 These POC devices have mainly focused on measurements of PT/INR and ACT (Table S1) and cannot perform kinetic measurements such as reaction time (R-TEG), clot formation time (K-TEG), maximum amplitude (MA-TEG), and clot formation rate (α-TEG). Acoustic biosensors, specifically the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), 36−38 the film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR), 39 and the surface acoustic wave (SAW), 40 can provide valuable hemorheology information and feature advantages of fast and real-time electronic readout. Parylene-C passivated QCM exhibited enhanced signal stability and repeatability since using the typical QCM it was difficult to obtain steady curves owing to the frequency vibration and little frequency decrease.…”