ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ thin film solar cells with improved performance

Hedström, Jonas; Ohlsén, H.; Bodegård, Marika; Kylner, Angela; Stolt, Lars; Hariskos, Dimitrios; Ruckh, M.; Schock, Hans‐Werner

doi:10.1109/pvsc.1993.347154

Cited by 126 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…As early as 1993 the importance of sodium 'contamination' in CIGS absorber layers was realized by Hedström et al 93 Since then, the effects of Na have been investigated by numerous groups and different mechanisms have Figure 5. Schematic of the various processes for selenization of precursor materials been proposed, but no comprehensive interpretation of the structural and electronic effects of Na has been achieved up to now.…”

Section: Sodium Incorporation In Cigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ and CdTe solar cells

Romeo¹,

Terheggen²,

Abou‐Ras³

et al. 2004

Progress in Photovoltaics

354

192

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Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe heterojunction solar cells grown on rigid (glass) or flexible foil substrates require p‐type absorber layers of optimum optoelectronic properties and n‐type wide‐bandgap partner layers to form the p–n junction. Transparent conducting oxide and specific metal layers are used for front and back electrical contacts. Efficiencies of solar cells depend on various deposition methods as they control the optoelectronic properties of the layers and interfaces. Certain treatments, such as addition of Na in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdCl2 treatment of CdTe have a direct influence on the electronic properties of the absorber layers and efficiency of solar cells. Processes for the development of superstrate and substrate solar cells are reviewed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Sodium Incorporation In Cigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ and CdTe solar cells

Romeo¹,

Terheggen²,

Abou‐Ras³

et al. 2004

Progress in Photovoltaics

354

192

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“…It is widely accepted that without an NaF layer, Na diffuses from the soda-lime glass substrate during the growth of the CIGS thin film and can enhance energy conversion efficiencies [2,34,35]. Thus, the Na concentration in the CIGS thin film can be varied by adding NaF prior to selenization of Cu(In,Ga).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Improvements made over the years to increase CIGS solar cell efficiency include bandgap grading, which relies on liquid-assisted growth by the three-stage coevaporation method [1]: Na diffusion out of a soda-lime glass [2], postdeposition treatment (PDT) with NaF impacting grain boundary passivation [3], PDT with KF [4,5], and optimization of Ga/(In+Ga) composition [5][6][7][8]; however, improvements require substantially further study. In light of the important role that Na plays in CIGS layers, several groups have examined the growth and performance of CIGS layers by systematically varying Na content [9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast pump-probe reflectance spectroscopy: Why sodium makes Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells better

Eid

Usman

Gereige

et al. 2015

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

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(O.F.M.) 2 | P a g e TOC graphicCIGS thin-film samples were investigated for the first time using femtosecond pump-probe differential reflection spectroscopy with broadband capabilities and 120-fs temporal resolution.The pump-and-probe beams were focused on ~1.6 m-thick CIGS films. The reflected probe light from the samples was collected and focused on the broadband infrared detector (D) for recording the carrier dynamics of CIGS in real time.3 | P a g e ABSTRACT Although Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells have the highest efficiency of any thin-film solar cell, especially when sodium is incorporated, the fundamental device properties of ultrafast carrier transport and recombination in such cells remain not fully understood. Here, we explore the dynamics of charge carriers in CIGS absorber layers with varying concentrations of Na by femtosecond (fs) broadband pump-probe reflectance spectroscopy with 120-fs time resolution.By analyzing the time-resolved transient spectra in a different time domain, we show that a small amount of Na integrated by NaF deposition on top of sputtered Cu(In,Ga) prior to selenization forms CIGS, which induces slower recombination of the excited carriers. Here, we provide direct evidence for the elongation of carrier lifetimes by incorporating Na into CIGS. KEYWORDSCIGS solar cells, ultrafast photophysics, pump-probe reflectance spectroscopy, carrier recombination, dielectric function model 4 | P a g e

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“…Small area cells using this material have recently exhibited conversion efficiency in the range of 17% [1,2]. This material system exhibits a number of important advantages.…”

Section: Executive Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on polycrystalline thin-film submodules based on CuInSe{sub 2} materials. Final subcontract report, 11 November 1990--30 June 1995

Arya¹,

Fogleboch²,

Keßler³

et al. 1996

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Ken Zweibel for helpfhl suggestions and coordination of efforts on our behalf. Executive SummaryRecent progress in photovoltaics has been particularly notable in several materials systems, especially in copper'indium diselenide (CIS). Small area cells using this material have recently exhibited conversion efficiency in the range of 17% [1,2]. This material system exhibits a number of important advantages. It has a very high optical absorption coefficient throughout a major portion of the solar spectrum. It can be deposited in thin f i l m s having suitable electronic qualities on low cost substrates by a variety of methods. Modification of electronic properties such as band gap using ternary alloys has been accomplished, thus making the system versatile as well as robust.This program marks the entry of Solarex into the development of CIS based photovoltaic (PV) product. This initial effort began with the development of manufacturable deposition methods for all required thin ilm layers and the development and understanding of processes using those methods. It necessarily included demonstration of the potential for high conversion efficiency, evidenced by the achievement of 14.4% conversion efficiency (total area) in small cells and followed with the development of viable methods for module segment formation and interconnection. Finally; these process steps were integrated to fabricate monolithic CIS based submodules which exhibited aperture area efficiencies exceeding 11%.A more important result of this program is the basis of understanding that has been established in developing this material for PV applications. This basis of understanding is absolutely necessary to address issues of manufacturability and cost which are of paramount importance to the goal of commercialization. Early in the program, it was recognized that manL&acturability would be determined by successful solutions to issues of yield, reproducibility and control as much as by material and energy costs, conversion efficiency and process speed.Yield is strongly affected by shunt formation in modules, and shunt formation is in turn a strong function of the method used for absorber layer deposition. Issues of control and reproducibility are also strongly related to the absorber formation process. Accordingly, a significant effort was undertaken during this program to explore several alternative methods for absorber layer formation with attention to these issues. SpecZcally, the absorber layer formation techniques which were evaluated included: sputtering elemental precursors at low temperature followed by reaction at 'high temperature, a hybrid process using sputtered metallic precursors followed by reaction at high temperatures in an environment of elemental selenium, co-evaporation and concurrent reaction using elemental sources, and evaporation and/or sputtering of binary selenide precursors followed by reaction at high temperature with selenium. As a result, Solarex has identified at least one absorber formation process which is very robust ...

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ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ thin film solar cells with improved performance

Cited by 126 publications

References 7 publications

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ and CdTe solar cells

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ and CdTe solar cells

Ultrafast pump-probe reflectance spectroscopy: Why sodium makes Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells better

Research on polycrystalline thin-film submodules based on CuInSe{sub 2} materials. Final subcontract report, 11 November 1990--30 June 1995

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ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ thin film solar cells with improved performance

Cited by 126 publications

References 7 publications

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe solar cells

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe solar cells

Ultrafast pump-probe reflectance spectroscopy: Why sodium makes Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells better

Research on polycrystalline thin-film submodules based on CuInSe{sub 2} materials. Final subcontract report, 11 November 1990--30 June 1995

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Product

Resources

About

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ and CdTe solar cells

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ and CdTe solar cells