Zirconium chemistry in industry

Blumenthal, Warren B.

doi:10.1021/ed039p604

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Zirconium, a second row transition metal, was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 [ 47 ], and since that time numerous inorganic and organometallic complexes of Zr have been described with zircon (ZrSiO 4 ), being its most widely recognized inorganic form [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. Zirconium can exist in several oxidation states including Zr(II), Zr(III) and Zr(IV), which is its preferred oxidation state [ 48 ].…”

Section: Zirconium Chemistry and The Production Of Zirconium-89mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Zirconium-89 Chelator Development

2018

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The interest in zirconium-89 (89Zr) as a positron-emitting radionuclide has grown considerably over the last decade due to its standardized production, long half-life of 78.2 h, favorable decay characteristics for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and its successful use in a variety of clinical and preclinical applications. However, to be utilized effectively in PET applications it must be stably bound to a targeting ligand, and the most successfully used 89Zr chelator is desferrioxamine B (DFO), which is commercially available as the iron chelator Desferal®. Despite the prevalence of DFO in 89Zr-immuno-PET applications, the development of new ligands for this radiometal is an active area of research. This review focuses on recent advances in zirconium-89 chelation chemistry and will highlight the rapidly expanding ligand classes that are under investigation as DFO alternatives.

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Section: Zirconium Chemistry and The Production Of Zirconium-89mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Zirconium-89 Chelator Development

2018

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“…Thus additions of various concentrations of ZrCl 4 resulted in reductive voltammetry that did not scale with concentration and a white precipitate was always present regardless the concentration added. The white precipitate was inferred to be the hydrolysis product, ZrOCl 2 9, commercial samples of this compounds being observed to be extremely insoluble in the IL…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vacuum drying could not fully remove the water in the IL, based upon ZrCl 4 solutions. Since ZrCl 4 is hydrolysed so rapidly, likely to ZrCl 2 O and HCl 9, the former extremely insoluble, the latter highly volatile in the IL 11, while ZrCl 4 is also extremely volatile, it was determined that the IL could be ‘predried’ by adding an excess of ZrCl 4 , allowing the ZrOCl 2 to precipitate and removing all other volatile components (HCl and ZrCl 4 ) under vacuum. This was performed as follows.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemistry of Zirconium Tetrachloride in the Ionic Liquid N‐Butyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide: Formation of Zr(III) and Exploitation of ZrCl₄ as a Facile Ionic Liquid Drying Agent

Aldous

Manan

et al. 2011

Electroanalysis

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The electrochemistry of zirconium tetrachloride in the ionic liquid N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide has been studied, and the one electron reduction is proved by chronoamperometry. Furthermore, we report the application of ZrCl 4 as a facile and general ionic liquid drying agent for use in voltammetry. [3]. Ionic liquids (ILs) are important media for the electrochemical research of species which cannot be studied in aqueous solution. ILs not only have much wider electrochemical windows than regular solvents, often wider than 6 V [2] and thus allowing for electrodeposition of various semiconductors and metals [4], but they also can stabilise some compounds that would normally undergo hydrolysis in aqueous solutions, allowing for studies on water-sensitive species such as PCl 3 [5].In this work, we report the electrochemistry of zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl 4 ) in the ionic liquid N-butyl-Nmethylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C 4 mpyrr][NTf 2 ]. ZrCl 4 is the main source for production of Zr metal and Zr-based alloys [6], which are important materials and have been widely used in applications such as corrosion-resistant materials, as well as catalysts for various processes [7]. Little data on the electrochemistry of ZrCl 4 in ionic liquids has been hitherto reported. This paucity of information likely arises from its volatility and rapid hydrolysis. ZrCl 4 is readily volatile and very sensitive to air, which makes it difficult to study electrochemically in any detail. To the best of our knowledge, only Tsuda et al. have reported the electrochemistry of Zr(IV) in aluminium chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (66.7-33.3 mol %, respectively) at 353 K [8]. However, since more and more air and moisture stable ILs have been synthesized, there is much interest in non-haloaluminate room temperature ionic liquids. The present study reports not only the electrochemistry of ZrCl 4 but also its application as a facile ionic liquid drying agent. Figure 1 shows the voltammetry of ZrCl 4 in [C 4 mpyrr]-[NTf 2 ], after being dried under vacuum prior to measurement. A limiting reduction current with a half-wave potential of 0.08 V and an oxidation peak current with a peak potential of 0.70 V are clearly visible. Interestingly, the oxidation peak remains the same size as a function of time under vacuum, while the charge under the peak remained constant over a range of scan rates and had a charge characteristic with a monolayer (see below). In contrast the reduction wave steadily decreased over time, since the ZrCl 4 concentrations could not be stabilised in the ionic liquid even if it was put under vacuum for drying for 24 h beforehand, as it both undergoes rapid hydrolysis and is extremely volatile. Thus additions of various concentrations of ZrCl 4 resulted in reductive voltammetry that did not scale with concentration and a white precipitate was always present regardless the concentra-210

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“…Both constituents of the sorbent system are inexpensive, highly biocompatible, and abundant: TA is an ubiquitous plant polyphenol ( Figure 1e) 14 and the concentration of Zr IV in the earth's crust is ~0.02%, which is comparable to that of carbon. 15 The preparation of the MPS system is schematically presented in Figure 1a, b. After mixing the ligand (TA) and metal solutions, the TA/Zr IV sol turned into a transparent gel within 3 min at 85 °C (at room temperature (25 °C), the gelation time was observed to be ~10 min).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fabrication of the MPS is based on a rapid sol–gel process that does not require intensive energy input or any special apparatus. Both constituents of the sorbent system are inexpensive, highly biocompatible, and abundant: TA is a ubiquitous plant polyphenol (Figure e), and the concentration of Zr IV in the Earth’s crust is ∼0.02% . The preparation of the MPS system is schematically presented in Figure a,b.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Assembly of a Metal–Phenolic Sorbent for Broad-Spectrum Metal Sequestration

Rahim

Lin

Tomanin

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Metal contamination of water bodies from industrial effluents presents a global threat to the aquatic ecosystem. To address this challenge, metal sequestration via adsorption onto solid media has been explored extensively. However, existing sorbent systems typically involve energy-intensive syntheses and are applicable to a limited range of metals. Herein, a sorbent system derived from physically cross-linked polyphenolic networks using tannic acid and Zr IV ions has been explored for high affinity, broad-spectrum metal sequestration. The network formation step (gelation) of the sorbent is complete within 3 min and requires no special apparatus. The key to this system design is the formation of a highly stable coordination network with an optimized metal-ligand ratio (1.2:1), affording access to a major portion of the chelating sites in tannic acid for capturing diverse metal ions. The sorbent system effectively sequesters 28 metals in single-and multi-element model wastes, with removal efficiencies exceeding 99% and is stable over a pH range of 1-9. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that this system can be processed as membrane coatings, thin films, or wet gels to capture metal ions, and that both the sorbent and captured metal ions can be regenerated or directly used as composite catalysts.

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Zirconium chemistry in industry

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Recent Advances in Zirconium-89 Chelator Development

Recent Advances in Zirconium-89 Chelator Development

Electrochemistry of Zirconium Tetrachloride in the Ionic Liquid N‐Butyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide: Formation of Zr(III) and Exploitation of ZrCl₄ as a Facile Ionic Liquid Drying Agent

Self-Assembly of a Metal–Phenolic Sorbent for Broad-Spectrum Metal Sequestration

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Zirconium chemistry in industry

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Recent Advances in Zirconium-89 Chelator Development

Recent Advances in Zirconium-89 Chelator Development

Electrochemistry of Zirconium Tetrachloride in the Ionic Liquid N‐Butyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide: Formation of Zr(III) and Exploitation of ZrCl4 as a Facile Ionic Liquid Drying Agent

Self-Assembly of a Metal–Phenolic Sorbent for Broad-Spectrum Metal Sequestration

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Electrochemistry of Zirconium Tetrachloride in the Ionic Liquid N‐Butyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide: Formation of Zr(III) and Exploitation of ZrCl₄ as a Facile Ionic Liquid Drying Agent