Zinc and respiratory tract infections: Perspectives for COVID‑19 (Review)

Skalny, Anatoly V.; Rink, Lothar; Ajsuvakova, Olga P.; Aschner, Michael; Гриценко, В. А.; Alekseenko, Svetlana I.; Svistunov, Andrey; Petrakis, Dimitris E.; Spandidos, Demetrios A.; Aaseth, Jan; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Tinkov, Alexey A.

doi:10.3892/ijmm.2020.4575

Cited by 346 publications

(445 citation statements)

References 136 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…The mechanisms involved in increased risk for higher coVid-19 prevalence and mortality in obese are correlated with specific fat-resident regulatory T cells (86) (Treg) and particularly promotion of T h 17 (T-cell sub-lineage)-biased immunity (87,88). indeed, these processes are partly dependent on increased iL-6, as well as iL-23/iL-17, other inflammatory obesity-associated plasma cytokine expression such as TnF-α, transforming growth factor (TgF), pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (89).…”

Section: Obesity and Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity ‑ a risk factor for increased COVID‑19 prevalence, severity and lethality (Review)

et al. 2020

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Section: Obesity and Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity ‑ a risk factor for increased COVID‑19 prevalence, severity and lethality (Review)

et al. 2020

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“…current global obesity prevalence in adult and children is also a risk factor for anti-SARS-coV-2 vaccine inefficacy due to higher levels of IL-6 (27) and decreased Igg concentrations. Parasitic infections, respiratory tract infections such as complicated pneumonia (28), can also affect subsequent immune response to anti-SARS-coV-2 vaccination (29).…”

Section: Vaccines: An Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards effective COVID‑19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review)

et al. 2020

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In the current context of the pandemic triggered by SARS-cOV-2, the immunization of the population through vaccination is recognized as a public health priority. In the case of SARS-cOV-2, the genetic sequencing was done quickly, in one month. Since then, worldwide research has focused on obtaining a vaccine. This has a major economic impact because new technological platforms and advanced genetic engineering procedures are required to obtain a cOVId-19 vaccine. The most difficult scientific challenge for this future vaccine obtained in the laboratory is the proof of clinical safety and efficacy. The biggest challenge of manufacturing is the construction and validation of production platforms capable of making the vaccine on a large scale.

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“…Zinc is an essential trace element for humans, required for the function of numerous enzymes and transcription factors. It plays a key role in regulating the function of both the adaptive and the innate immune system [ 14 , 228 , 229 ]. Dietary sources of zinc are animal products such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy, but it is also contained in whole grains, nuts, and legumes.…”

Section: Zincmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections

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Viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the importance of public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations in reducing their spread is well established. Furthermore, it is well known that proper nutrition can help support optimal immune function, reducing the impact of infections. Several vitamins and trace elements play an important role in supporting the cells of the immune system, thus increasing the resistance to infections. Other nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, help sustain optimal function of the immune system. The main aim of this manuscript is to discuss of the potential role of micronutrients supplementation in supporting immunity, particularly against respiratory virus infections. Literature analysis showed that in vitro and observational studies, and clinical trials, highlight the important role of vitamins A, C, and D, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc in modulating the immune response. Supplementation with vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids and zinc appears to be a safe and low-cost way to support optimal function of the immune system, with the potential to reduce the risk and consequences of infection, including viral respiratory infections. Supplementation should be in addition to a healthy diet and fall within recommended upper safety limits set by scientific expert bodies. Therefore, implementing an optimal nutrition, with micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, might be a cost-effective, underestimated strategy to help reduce the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

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Zinc and respiratory tract infections: Perspectives for COVID‑19 (Review)

Cited by 346 publications

References 136 publications

Obesity ‑ a risk factor for increased COVID‑19 prevalence, severity and lethality (Review)

Obesity ‑ a risk factor for increased COVID‑19 prevalence, severity and lethality (Review)

Towards effective COVID‑19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review)

The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections

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