Zero to Three Dimension Structure Evolution from Carbon Allotropes to Phosphorus Allotropes

Abstract

As the promising and highly‐focused materials after silicon, carbon, and phosphorus promote the development of nanotechnology due to its allotropes with unique structures and properties. The carbon allotropes of 0D fullerene, 1D carbon nanotube, and 2D graphene stimulate the investigation of structures, synthesis, properties, and further applications of carbon nanomaterials. Analogous to carbon, phosphorus is demonstrated to have a rich phase diagram. 0D phosphorus fullerenes, 1D phosphorus nanotubes and fibrous red phosphorus, and recently 2D black phosphorene and violet phosphorene have unique structures analogous to carbon fullerene, carbon nanotube, and graphene, is developed. The photoelectronic properties and further applications of the phosphorus allotropes as semiconductors, energy storage materials, biomaterials, and sensors are also investigated. Great efforts are dedicated to studies of the synthesis, structure, and properties of carbons and phosphorus. However, there is no systematic review of the structure of phosphorus allotropes compared to carbon allotropes. Herein, the structures along with possible future perspective of carbon and phosphorus allotropes review and compare in this work based on the classification of different dimensions.

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Catalytic Wastewater Treatment: A Review

“…For the above reasons, compounds composed of the same type of carbon atoms can exist in a range of molecular forms, with different properties and structures. The versatility of the arrangement of C atoms is utilized to form different allotropes, such as fullerene, graphene, and diamond [ 28 ].…”

Photodegradation and van der Waals Passivation of Violet Phosphorus

“…Phosphorus allotropes, as exemplified by white, red, black, and violet phosphorus, offer a rich palette of physical properties within their large phase diagram [ 1 ]. Yet, the air instability and the toxicity of white phosphorus [ 1 , 2 ], and the low conductivity of red phosphorus [ 3 , 4 ] hinder their widespread exploration and utilization in electronics.…”

“…Phosphorus allotropes, as exemplified by white, red, black, and violet phosphorus, offer a rich palette of physical properties within their large phase diagram [ 1 ]. Yet, the air instability and the toxicity of white phosphorus [ 1 , 2 ], and the low conductivity of red phosphorus [ 3 , 4 ] hinder their widespread exploration and utilization in electronics. In comparison, the two-dimensional (2D) black (BP) and violet phosphorus (VP, encompassing VP 11 [ 5 ] and VP 21 [ 6 ]) have recently garnered significant attention due to their appealing properties, such as good thermal stability [ 6 , 7 ], in-plane anisotropy [ 6 , 8 , 9 ], tunable direct bandgaps [ 7 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], substantial carrier mobilities [ 7 , 13 ], and associated promising optoelectronic prospects [ 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], which make them ideal platforms for both fundamental physics and application researches.…”

Engineering Colossal Anisotropic Thermal Expansion into Organic Materials through Dimensionality Control

“…Carbon also exists in the form of carbon nanotubes (1D); however, the TE behavior of the 1D form depends on the length and thickness variations in the nanotubes. Analogous to carbon, phosphorus also exists as several allotropes including white (0D), red (1D), blue (2D), and black (2D) . The two 2D allotropes comprise infinite stacks of phosphorene layers that interact via van der Waals forces, and TE behavior for the 2D allotropes has been explored computationally. − Calculations show that the armchair direction of phosphorene in black phosphorus is more expandable as compared to the zigzag direction of phosphorene in the blue phosphorus allotrope .…”