Zendoo: a zk-SNARK Verifiable Cross-Chain Transfer Protocol Enabling Decoupled and Decentralized Sidechains

Garoffolo, Alberto; Kaidalov, Dmytro; Oliynykov, Roman

doi:10.1109/icdcs47774.2020.00161

Cited by 62 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…There are also privacy compliant authentication protocols that have been proposed, using in most cases Zero-Knowledge proof attesting the identity of one without revealing it. Such examples include for example ZCash, Hawk, and SNARK [28][29][30].…”

Section: Identity Management and Blockchainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining Blockchains, Smart Contracts, and Complex Sensors Management Platform for Hyper-Connected SmartCities: An IoT Data Marketplace Use Case

et al. 2021

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In this paper, we demonstrate the multiple points of innovation when combining blockchain technology with Internet of Things (IoT) and security frameworks. The deployment and use of IoT device networks in smart city environments has produced an enormous amount of data. The fact that those data are possessed by multiple sources that use independent systems for data collection, storage, and use impedes the exploitation of their value. Blockchains, as distributed ledgers, can be used for addressing the development of a universal system for data collection and distribution. Smart contracts can be used to automate all the processes of such a network, while at the same time, blockchain and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) protect sensitive data through anonymity and distributed storage. An innovative and open IoT blockchain market of applications, data, and services is proposed that: (i) provides the framework upon which objects and people can exchange value in form of virtual currencies, for assets (data and services) received; (ii) defines the motivation incentives according to social and business context for humans and smart objects to interact. The specific marketplace is piloted through a cross-border trial between Santander and Fujisawa, in the context of the M-Sec project, validating thus the interoperability, efficiency, and data protection principles.

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Section: Identity Management and Blockchainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining Blockchains, Smart Contracts, and Complex Sensors Management Platform for Hyper-Connected SmartCities: An IoT Data Marketplace Use Case

et al. 2021

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“…There is usually a trusted or trustless intermediary, that orchestrates the communication between the main and sidechain. Zendoo [81] and zkRelay [82] leverage zk-SNARKs to generate succinct proofs of the state of the sidechain, allowing efficient verification in constant time on the mainchain. This is an improvement over previous approaches such as BTC Relay [76] and NIPoPoWs [151], which have linear and polylogarithmic costs for the number of blocks, respectively.…”

Section: D: Masternode Quorumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verifiable Computing Applications in Blockchain

Šimunić

Bernaca

Lenac³

2021

IEEE Access

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“…Since the introduction of smart contracts, the applications of blockchains are no longer limited to token creation and management, a number of platforms with smart contract capabilities have emerged to connect blockchains. Some of the well-known solutions are Cosmos [20], Polkadot [21], AION [22] that connects independent blockchains using an intermediate chain, Tokrex [23], Blocknet [24], Agent chain [25], Komodo [26] using decentralized exchanges, Scheid et al [27] by developing a policy-based framework, Testimonium [28] a validation relay on demand, Zendoo [29] a sidechain capable of creating, communicating and integrating new sidechains with the main chain, Ghaemi et al [30] by developing a publisher/subscriber architecture and Frauenthaler et al [31] using a dynamic framework to switch users from one blockchain to another blockchain. Although all of these solutions aim to achieve blockchain interoperability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Interoperable Blockchains: A Survey on the Role of Smart Contracts in Blockchain Interoperability

et al. 2021

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The slower than expected adoption rate of blockchain technology has highlighted that there are barriers due to the diversity of its applications and its users. To overcome this limitation and take full advantage of the novel technology, researchers from academia as well as industry are dedicated to find different solutions, where two or more blockchains can interact with each other. As a result, several interoperability solutions have presented themselves. To investigate the functionalities and underlying mechanisms of interoperable blockchain solutions, researchers have conducted several surveys by discussing the features and innovations of these methods. However, the existing surveys tend to focus on the architectural description of the interoperability solutions and completely overlook the most promising aspect of blockchain adaptability, namely the smart contract. This paper fills the gap by exploring the role of smart contracts in blockchain interoperability solutions. Our research has classified the existing interoperability solutions into three main categories: heterogeneous blockchains and homogeneous smart contracts, homogeneous blockchains and homogeneous smart contracts, heterogeneous blockchains, and heterogeneous smart contracts. To provide a systematic overview of the smart contracts used in blockchain interoperability, each category is further divided into subcategories by identifying the functionalities of the smart contract used. Based on our survey, a taxonomy is proposed to help classify the blockchain interoperability solutions. The interoperability solutions in each category are analyzed in-depth, and the results are presented in tabular format to illustrate the characteristics of the interoperability solutions in a meaningful way. Finally, a number of open issues and research directions are discussed to overcome the limitations and improve the performance of blockchain interoperability.INDEX TERMS Blockchain interoperability, smart contracts, chain code, cross chain transactions, sidechains, decentralized applications, cryptocurrency, digital assets.

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Zendoo: a zk-SNARK Verifiable Cross-Chain Transfer Protocol Enabling Decoupled and Decentralized Sidechains

Cited by 62 publications

References 2 publications

Combining Blockchains, Smart Contracts, and Complex Sensors Management Platform for Hyper-Connected SmartCities: An IoT Data Marketplace Use Case

Combining Blockchains, Smart Contracts, and Complex Sensors Management Platform for Hyper-Connected SmartCities: An IoT Data Marketplace Use Case

Verifiable Computing Applications in Blockchain

Towards Interoperable Blockchains: A Survey on the Role of Smart Contracts in Blockchain Interoperability

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