Zein Beta-Cyclodextrin Micropowders for Iron Bisglycinate Delivery

Abstract

Given the limited number of materials available to design delivery platforms for nutrients, the rational combination of raw materials already approved as food ingredients and their processing through nano-micro technology can offer a unique tool for innovation. Here, we propose a nano-in-micro strategy to produce powders based on the hydrophobic protein zein, useful for the oral delivery of a hydrophilic iron source (iron bisglycinate) in anaemic patients. Iron-loaded powders were prepared through a two-step strategy consisting in the formation of a zein pseudolatex followed by a spray-drying step. To extend the manipulation space for zein and entrap iron bisglycinate, β-cyclodextrin (βCD) was selected as helping excipient. Addition of βCD allowed iron loading in the pseudolatex and greatly increased product yields after the drying process as compared to zein alone. Iron-loaded micro-sized powders were characterised by attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to elucidate the role of βCD as a compatibilizer for the zein–iron system. Remarkably, micropowders released only 20% of FeBIS in a simulated gastric fluid, whereas release in a simulated intestinal fluid was almost completed in 7 h. In summary, βCD association to zein is a novel strategy to expand applications in the oral delivery of iron bisglycinate and, prospectively, to micronutrient chelates.

Zein-Functionalized MCM-41 Silica Nanoparticles with Enzyme-Responsive for Controlled Release in Antibacterial Activity

“…Peaks ranging from to 1645 cm −1 were due to the stretching vibration of C=O(-CH2-CO-CH2-) and the ben ring [46]. The results listed several peaks at respective wavenumbers (cm −1 ) including tributions from various functional groups of Zein at 2974.87, 2872.89, and 1421.51 [47][48][49][50][51]. Results indicated that capsaicin and Zein had been functionalized successf Embedding essential oils (EOs) into MSNs makes it possible to slow down the release where encapsulation and covalency are essentially two forms of EOs' insertion.…”

Preparation and characterization of an iron–β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex: factors influencing the host–guest interaction

“…32 The number of studies on the application of cyclodextrins for iron delivery is scarce in the literature. Esposito and coworkers 33 investigated the application of pseudolatex prepared using zein and βCD combined with spray drying for the delivery of iron bisglycinate. Delivery of ferrous fumarate by βCD and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-βCD) is also reported by Kapor et al 34 Water-soluble iron sources that can be used for food fortification include ferrous sulphate, ferrous gluconate, ferrous lactate, ferric ammonium citrate, ferrous bisglycinate, and ferric sodium EDTA.…”