Zebra batteries

Sudworth, J.L.

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(94)01967-3

Cited by 74 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Electron diffraction patterns of (a) cubic spinel phase ([100] zone axis) and (b) lithiated ␥-MnO 2 phase with orthorhombic symmetry ([1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] zone axis) in a CDMO electrode.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinel Electrodes for Lithium Batteries

Thackeray

1999

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

202

146

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This article gives a historical account of the development of spinel electrodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. Research in the late 1970s and early 1980s on hightemperature Li/Fe 3 O 4 cells led to the evaluation of lithium spinels Li[B 2 ]X 4 at room temperature (B = metal cation). This work highlighted the importance of the [B 2 ]X 4 spinel framework as a host electrode structure and the ability to tailor the cell voltage by selection of various B cations. Examples of lithium-ion cells that operate with spinel anode/spinel cathode couples are provided. Particular attention is given to spinels within the solid-solution system Li 1+x Mn 2−x O 4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.33).

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinel Electrodes for Lithium Batteries

Thackeray

1999

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

202

146

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“…The dependence of the voltage on the temperature is neglected according to Zebra features [44]. Often, and therefore also in this MG, a DC/DC bidirectional converter is interposed between the storage and its inverter (this will be discussed in detailed in the following).…”

Section: Inverter Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simplified Microgrid Model for the Validation of Islanded Control Logics

et al. 2017

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Microgrids (MGs) may represent a solution in the near future to many problems in the energy and electric world scenarios; such as pollution, high reliability, efficiency and so on. In particular, MGs' capability to work in an islanded configuration represents one of their most interesting features in terms of the improvement of the reliability of the system, the integration of renewable energy sources and the exploitation of the quick response and flexibility of power electronic devices in a stand-alone system. In order to study and validate innovative solutions and control strategies for islanded operation, there is a need to develop models for MG structures that can be reliable and sufficiently simple to be used for the purpose of the design and validation of innovative control systems. This paper proposes a simplified, first harmonic model for a generic structure of MG characterized by its use of only electronic power converter interfaced generation. The main advantages of the proposed method lie in the model's simplicity and its reduced solving time, thanks to the limited number of necessary parameters to describe the system. Moreover, the developed formulation allows the avoidance of specific (and often licensed) software to simulate the system. The performances of the proposed model have been validated by means of a comparative analysis of the results obtained against a more accurate representation of the system performed in the power system CAD-electromagnetic transient and DC (PSCAD-EMTDC) environment, which allows for the representation of each component with a very high level of detail. Such comparison has been performed using the University of Genoa Savona Campus Smart Polygeneration Microgrid testbed facility, due to the availability of all the necessary numerical values.

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“…The ZEBRA battery is usually operated at relatively high temperatures (250e350 C), which is well above the melting point of the liquid secondary electrolyte (NaAlCl 4 : T m ¼ 157 C), in order to achieve adequate battery performance by reducing the ohmic resistance of thick BASE (1e2 mm thick) and improving the ionic conductivity of the secondary electrolyte [1,10]. Since previous results indicate that particle growth and side reactions occurring in the cathode are also enhanced at high operating temperatures, lowering the operating temperature ( 200 C) with maintaining performance capability is beneficial to improve the cycle life of the Zebra battery [10,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel ternary molten salt electrolytes for intermediate-temperature sodium/nickel chloride batteries

Coyle

et al. 2012

Journal of Power Sources

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Zebra batteries

Cited by 74 publications

References 1 publication

Spinel Electrodes for Lithium Batteries

Spinel Electrodes for Lithium Batteries

A Simplified Microgrid Model for the Validation of Islanded Control Logics

Novel ternary molten salt electrolytes for intermediate-temperature sodium/nickel chloride batteries

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