Zearalenone screening of human breast milk from the Naples area

Massart, Francesco; Micillo, Flora; Rivezzi, Gaetano; Perrone, Laura; Baggiani, Angelo; Miccoli, Mario; Meucci, Valentina

doi:10.1080/02772248.2015.1101112

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…QuEChERS methodology was satisfactorily performed for the analysis of several mycotoxins in human breast milk including DON, 3-ADON, NIV, FUX-N, DAS, NEO, T-2, HT-2, ZON and metabolites, OTA, STG, ENs, BEA, and AFs [ 110 ]. Direct IAC was used for ZON, AFM1, and AFM2 extraction from cow [ 22 ], human [ 111 ] and donkey [ 23 ] breast milk samples. DON, DOM-1, T-2 and HT-2 were extracted from bile and serum samples from pig and chicken by LLE using MeOH/H 2 O and EtOAc [ 112 , 113 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For human biomonitoring easily accessible biological matrices such as urine or blood were used, with urine being preferred for several reasons including non-invasive sampling and higher acceptance by study participants. Consequently, biomonitoring studies have been frequently performed almost worldwide ( Figure 3 ), including Nigeria [ 70 ], Bangladesh [ 58 , 69 , 85 , 86 , 88 , 96 ], Haiti [ 69 ], Turkey [ 64 , 106 ], Belgium [ 73 , 74 , 105 ], Portugal [ 60 , 61 , 89 ], Spain [ 36 , 61 , 93 ], Germany [ 35 , 62 , 64 , 68 , 69 , 86 , 87 ], Italy [ 77 , 111 ], Austria [ 72 ], Czech Republic [ 38 , 43 ], Tunisia [ 41 ], Brazil [ 40 , 109 ], Chile [ 44 ], Cameroon [ 141 ], Egypt [ 50 ], Pakistan [ 37 ], Iran [ 107 ], and China [ 84 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All analyzed breast milk samples from Italy ( n = 47) were positive for ZON (0.26–1.78 µg/L) [ 111 ]. However, from the analyzed breast milk samples from Iran ( n = 136) only one sample showed contamination with AFM1 and two with OTA at low concentrations (ng/L) [ 107 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Studies on the Presence of Mycotoxins in Biological Samples: An Overview

Escrivá¹,

Font²,

Manyes³

et al. 2017

Toxins

109

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Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites with bioaccumulation levels leading to their carry-over into animal fluids, organs, and tissues. As a consequence, mycotoxin determination in biological samples from humans and animals has been reported worldwide. Since most mycotoxins show toxic effects at low concentrations and considering the extremely low levels present in biological samples, the application of reliable detection methods is required. This review summarizes the information regarding the studies involving mycotoxin determination in biological samples over the last 10 years. Relevant data on extraction methodology, detection techniques, sample size, limits of detection, and quantitation are presented herein. Briefly, liquid-liquid extraction followed by LC-MS/MS determination was the most common technique. The most analyzed mycotoxin was ochratoxin A, followed by zearalenone and deoxynivalenol—including their metabolites, enniatins, fumonisins, aflatoxins, T-2 and HT-2 toxins. Moreover, the studies were classified by their purpose, mainly focused on the development of analytical methodologies, mycotoxin biomonitoring, and exposure assessment. The study of tissue distribution, bioaccumulation, carry-over, persistence and transference of mycotoxins, as well as, toxicokinetics and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) were other proposed goals for biological sample analysis. Finally, an overview of risk assessment was discussed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Studies on the Presence of Mycotoxins in Biological Samples: An Overview

Escrivá¹,

Font²,

Manyes³

et al. 2017

Toxins

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…OTA is carcinogenic in rodents and nephrotoxic in many mammal species; it has been also classified by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans and its presence in breast milk has been widely outlined [ 5 ]. The biomonitoring of ZEA is also important due to its toxic effects mainly on the reproductive system [ 6 ]; moreover, ZEA contamination was previously described in breast milk in Italy [ 7 ]. Consumers can be at risk of mycotoxins exposure both directly, by consuming contaminated grains, seeds, and dried fruits, or indirectly, by consuming contaminated animal source food (e.g., milk) derived from animals exposed to these contaminants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure in Breastfeeding Mothers with Celiac Disease

et al. 2018

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Objective: To assess the risk of mycotoxin exposure (aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone) in celiac disease (CD) breastfeeding mothers and healthy control mothers, as well as in their offspring, by quantifying these contaminants in breast milk. Study design: Thirty-five breastfeeding women with CD on a gluten-free diet and 30 healthy breastfeeding controls were recruited. Milk sampling was performed three times per day for three consecutive days. Mycotoxin content was investigated by an analytical method using immunoaffinity column clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorometric detection. Results: Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was detected in 37% of CD group samples (mean ± SD = 0.012 ± 0.011 ng/mL; range = 0.003–0.340 ng/mL). The control group showed lower mean AFM1 concentration levels in 24% of the analyzed samples (0.009 ± 0.007 ng/mL; range = 0.003–0.067 ng/mL, ANOVA on ranks, p-value < 0.01). Ochratoxin A and zearalenone did not differ in both groups. Conclusion: Breast milk AFM1 contamination for both groups is lower than the European safety threshold. However, the estimated exposures of infants from CD mothers and control mothers was much higher (≃15 times and ≃11 times, respectively) than the threshold set by the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Since incongruities exist between JECFA and the European Union standard, a novel regulatory review of the available data on this topic is desirable. Protecting babies from a neglected risk of high AFM1 exposure requires prompt regulatory and food-control policies.

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“…These data suggest that most reports overestimate infant's exposure to mycotoxins. For example, Massart et al (2016) reported a mean ZEN concentration of 1130 ng/L, which may be the result of using less specific analytical approaches. Here, cross-reactivity reactions (ELISA) or interfering peaks (LC-FD) may be interpreted as positive signals.…”

Section: Interval Days Postpartummentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal assessment of mycotoxin co-exposures in exclusively breastfed infants

Braun

Schernhammer

Marko

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Early-life development of infants may be critically affected by man-made or natural contaminants including mycotoxins. However, data on the occurrence of food contaminants in breast milk is scarce and prohibits a comprehensive exposure and risk assessment for mothers and their infants. Here, we present a longitudinal exposure assessment over the first 211 days of a single newborn girl (study A) by measuring multiple mycotoxins in milk. Eighty-seven consecutive breast milk samples were obtained from the newborn's mother living in Austria and following a regular mixed local diet. Mycotoxins were analyzed by utilizing a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS approach covering 29 mycotoxins and key metabolites. In addition to this longitudinal study, three mothers provided breast milk samples each on five consecutive days, for a preliminary comparison of inter-day and inter-individual variation in exposures (study B). Study A revealed that mycotoxin occurrence in breast milk was limited to the emerging mycotoxins alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (A, A1, B, B1) and to ochratoxin A (OTA), which is regulated in commercial infant food. These mycotoxins were, if present, mostly detected at very low concentrations (<10 ng/L), except AME which exceeded this concentration on two distinct days by a factor of 3x and 5x. Overall, longitudinal results indicated chronic low-dose exposure to the detected mycotoxins. Other regulated mycotoxins including the carcinogenic aflatoxins or the estrogenic zearalenone and their biotransformation products were absent in all tested samples. Study B confirmed the results of study A, with minimal inter-day and inter-individual variation. Based on the data set obtained in study A, exposure of the infant was estimated. Exposure estimates of individual mycotoxins were on average below 1 ng/kg body weight per day. Our findings suggest that exposure to mycotoxins in Austrian breast milk may be negligible. Recommended maximum daily intake levels were clearly not exceeded. However, exposure is likely to be higher in populations with lower food safety standards. In the light of co-occurrence of several emerging mycotoxins in breast milk, future studies should address lowdose mixture effects. This also includes other environmental contaminants which may be present in this bio-fluid and should involve an exposome-scale risk assessment. All these efforts must be intended to minimize exposure of mothers and infants in a window of high susceptibility.

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Zearalenone screening of human breast milk from the Naples area

Cited by 24 publications

References 20 publications

Studies on the Presence of Mycotoxins in Biological Samples: An Overview

Studies on the Presence of Mycotoxins in Biological Samples: An Overview

Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure in Breastfeeding Mothers with Celiac Disease

Longitudinal assessment of mycotoxin co-exposures in exclusively breastfed infants

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