Zearalenone and the Immune Response

Bulgaru, Cristina Valeria; Marin, Daniela Eliza; Ţăranu, Ionelia

doi:10.3390/toxins13040248

Cited by 60 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 149 publications

(200 reference statements)

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“…Although several reports have indicated that ZEA has either stimulating or suppressing effects on innate immunity [ 17 , 18 ], the cellular mechanisms activated by ZEA in triggering innate immune responses in macrophages during pathogen infection are not yet well understood. The present study investigated the effects of ZEA on the activities of innate immune responses during pathogen infection by macrophages in vitro and ex vivo.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Zearalenone Attenuates Innate Immune Responses and Suppresses NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in LPS-Activated Macrophages

Lee

Liu

Wang

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin that has several adverse effects on most mammalian species. However, the effects of ZEA on macrophage-mediated innate immunity during infection have not been examined. In the present study, bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were used to induce the activation of macrophages and evaluate the effects of ZEA on the inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated signaling pathways. The experimental results indicated that ZEA suppressed LPS-activated inflammatory responses by macrophages including attenuating the production of proinflammatory mediators (nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)), decreased the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6), inhibited the activation of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, and repressed the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. These results indicated that mycotoxin ZEA attenuates macrophage-mediated innate immunity upon LPS stimulation, suggesting that the intake of mycotoxin ZEA-contaminated food might result in decreasing innate immunity, which has a higher risk of adverse effects during infection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Zearalenone Attenuates Innate Immune Responses and Suppresses NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in LPS-Activated Macrophages

Lee

Liu

Wang

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…By contrast, SM was The concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines were not altered by the exposure of the PBMC to ZEA, with the exception of TNF-a concentration that was significantly decreased (p<0.05) after 48h exposure to the toxin. Literature data concerning inflammatory effect of ZEA are controversial as in vitro or in vivo studies have shown an increase or a decline of inflammatory response induced by ZEA depending on the cell type or organ (Bulgaru et al, 2021). In PBMC cells treated with both toxin and sea buckthorn meal extract, SM was able to decrease the synthesis of IL-6 (by 7.8 times) and IL-8 (by 1.3 times), but not of TNF- and IL-1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of sea buckthorn meal extract in alleviating the toxic effect of ochratoxin A and zearalenone in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Marin

2021

Archiva Zootechnica

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The mycotoxins ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA) are frequent contaminants of cereals responsible for important toxic effects in human and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of the sea buckthorn meal extract in alleviating the toxic effect of ochratoxin A and zearalenone on oxidative stress and inflammation using porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our results have shown that both zearalenone and ochratoxin causes oxidative damage and alter the inflammatory response. The use of the sea buckthorn meal extract can improve some markers of the oxidative stress (total antioxidant status) and inflammation (pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6) altered by exposure to the mycotoxins ZEA and OTA and our results indicate that this waste represents a promising biological method that can be used for the alleviation of the mycotoxins negative effects.

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“…Cytokines, including IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6, play pivotal roles in crosstalk between inflammation and coagulation [ 61 , 62 , 63 ]. Previous research indicates that ZEN can affect the secretion of the above factors [ 23 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. However, so far, the effect of cytokines on the vascular system has not been linked to ZEN exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Zearalenone on Selected Hemostatic Parameters in Sexually Immature Gilts

Jakimiuk

Radwińska

Woźny

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Vascular toxicity induced by xenobiotics is associated with dysfunctions or damage to endothelial cells, changes in vascular permeability or dysregulation of the vascular redox state. The aim of this study was to determine whether per os administration of zearalenone (ZEN) influences selected hemostatic parameters in prepubertal gilts. This study was performed on female gilts divided into a control group which received placebo and an experimental group which received ZEN at a dose of 5.0 µg·kg−1 b.w. × day−1. On days 14, 28 and 42, blood samples were collected from the animals for analyses of hematological, coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters, nitric oxide, von Willebrand factor antigen content and catalase activity. The results demonstrated that the treatment of gilts with ZEN at a dose below no observable adverse effect level did not affect the primary hemostasis and the blood coagulation cascade. However, ZEN could have temporarily affected the selected indicators of endothelial cell function (increase of von Willebrand factor, decrease of nitric oxide levels) and the oxidative status plasma (decrease of catalase activity) of the exposed gilts. In summary, these results suggest that the adaptive response to ZEN-exposure can induce a transient imbalance in the vascular system by acting on vascular endothelial cells.

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Zearalenone and the Immune Response

Cited by 60 publications

References 149 publications

Mycotoxin Zearalenone Attenuates Innate Immune Responses and Suppresses NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in LPS-Activated Macrophages

Mycotoxin Zearalenone Attenuates Innate Immune Responses and Suppresses NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in LPS-Activated Macrophages

Effect of sea buckthorn meal extract in alleviating the toxic effect of ochratoxin A and zearalenone in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells

The Influence of Zearalenone on Selected Hemostatic Parameters in Sexually Immature Gilts

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