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Abstract

Coronary artery disease is a global health concern, with increasing morbidity and mortality. Surgical coronary artery bypass grafting has been performed on cardiopulmonary bypass for nearly four decades, with excellent long-term durability. Beating-heart coronary surgery has been increasing in frequency in an attempt to decrease cardiopulmonary bypass-related morbidity. Furthermore, with increasing expertise and technology, minimally invasive and robotic techniques have been developed to enhance postoperative recovery, patient satisfaction and cosmesis. Several clinical trials have demonstrated decreased morbidity and more rapid recovery following off-pump, minimally invasive and robotic procedures when compared to on-pump coronary artery bypass grafts (CABGs). An equivalent extent of revascularization and medium-term anastomotic patency has been demonstrated among all approaches. Furthermore, for a large number of patients who do not have anatomy amenable to traditional coronary revascularization, adjunctive molecular therapies may provide alternative myocardial micro-revascularization.

Electrical detection of cellular penetration during microinjection with carbon nanopipettes

“…There have been many attempts to automate the cell injection process [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] through positioning of cells at predetermined locations in an array [11], computer vision [10,12,13], novel microfluidic chips [16,20], and feedback systems [8,9,[17][18][19]. While these systems have made significant advancements in microinjection rates and efficiency, they are still limited by lack of a robust feedback signal to indicate that the injector has, indeed, penetrated the cell membrane.…”