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Why are women underrepresented in Computer Science? Gender differences in stereotypes, self-efficacy, values, and interests and predictors of future CS course-taking and grades

“…Women tend to have low self-efficacy and believe they have little natural ability in male-dominated domains, including mathematics, chemistry, engineering, Management Information Systems (MIS), and CS. Their self-efficacy is inaccurately low when compared to their actual abilities, skills, or performance (Beyer, 1990(Beyer, /1999(Beyer, , 1999b(Beyer, , 2002(Beyer, , 2008a(Beyer, , 2008bBeyer & Bowden, 1997;Beyer & Haller, 2006;Correll, 2001Correll, , 2004Durndell & Haag, 2002;Ehrlinger & Dunning, 2003;Jagacinski, 2013;Roach, 2011;Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, & McManus, 2011;Syzmanowicz & Furnham, 2011;Watt, 2006;Ziegler, Dresel, & Schober, 2000). The fact that these areas are considered masculine is important.…”

Science Anxiety and Gender in Students Taking General Education Science Courses

“…These include group project work and thematic organization of the curriculum, as well as general restructuring of classroom interactions (Beyer and Vedelsby, 1983;Beyer et al, 1985Beyer et al, , 1988Beyer, 1991Beyer, , 1992. With an imminent change in the Danish upper secondary educational system, mandating physics in first year for both science and nonscience students, the Ministry of Education is studying effective means of science anxiety reduction, especially for female students (Claussen, 2004).…”

“…Czerniak (1985, 1987) studied schoolchildren in fourth through ninth grade (ages [9][10][11][12][13][14] and demonstrated that science anxiety and its gender differences begin as early as age nine. The females and physics project (Beyer and Vedelsby, 1983;Beyer et al, 1985Beyer et al, , 1988Beyer and Reich, 1987;Beyer, 1991Beyer, , 1992 studied classroom interactions in the Danish high school, and implicated science anxiety as a factor creating special obstacles for female students in both the humanities and the science tracks.…”

Postdecision Evidence Integration and Depressive Symptoms

“…In these experiments, a metric of calibration is inferred by comparing reported percentage correct (confidence) to actual percentage correct (accuracy). When confidence is rated after the decision task, depressed patients have commonly been found to exhibit pessimistic calibration, being approximately twice as likely to rate their performance below chance compared to healthy controls (11–14). However, such posttest differences in metacognitive bias could be influenced by a negative memory bias.…”