Postdecision Evidence Integration and Depressive Symptoms

Abstract

Background: Metacognition, or the ability to reflect on one’s own thoughts, may be important in the development of depressive symptoms. Recent work has reported that depressive symptoms were associated with lower metacognitive bias (overall confidence) during perceptual decision making and a trend toward a positive association with metacognitive sensitivity (the ability to discriminate correct and incorrect decisions). Here, we extended this work, investigating whether confidence judgments are more malleable in individuals experiencing depressive symptoms. We hypothesized that depressive symptoms would be associated with greater adjustment of confidence in light of new evidence presented after a perceptual decision had been made. Methods: Participants (N = 416) were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Metacognitive confidence was assessed through two perceptual decision-making tasks. In both tasks, participants made a decision about which of two squares contained more dots. In the first task, participants rated their confidence immediately following the decision, whereas in the second task, participants observed new evidence (always in the same direction as initial evidence) before rating their confidence. Participants also completed questionnaires measuring depressive symptoms and self-esteem. Analysis: Metacognitive bias was calculated as overall mean confidence, whereas metacognitive sensitivity was calculated using meta-d’ (a response-bias free measure of how closely confidence tracks task performance) in the first task. Postdecision evidence integration (PDEI) was defined as the change in confidence following postdecision evidence on the second task. Results: Participants with more depressive symptoms made greater confidence adjustments (i.e., greater PDEI) in light of new evidence (β = 0.119, p = 0.045), confirming our main hypothesis. We also observed that lower overall confidence was associated with greater depressive symptoms, although this narrowly missed statistical significance (β = -0.099, p = 0.056), and we did not find an association between metacognitive sensitivity (meta-d’) and depressive symptoms. Notably, self-esteem was robustly associated with overall confidence (β = 0.203, p < 0.001), which remained significant when controlling for depressive symptoms. Conclusions: We found that individuals with depressive symptoms were more influenced by postdecisional evidence, adjusting their confidence more in light of new evidence. Individuals with low self-esteem were less confident about their initial decisions. This study should be replicated in a clinically depressed sample.

The influence of sad mood induction on task performance and metacognition

“…The confidence bias also correlated with depression severity (Hancock et al, 1996) and improved in recovered patients (Fu et al, 2005). Conversely to confidence bias, depressive symptoms do not seem to affect metacognitive efficiency (Moses-Payne et al, 2019; Rouault, Seow, et al, 2018).…”

“…Conversely to confidence bias, depressive symptoms do not seem to impact metacognitive efficiency (Moses-Payne, Rollwage, Fleming, & Roiser, 2019;Rouault, Seow, Gillan, & Fleming, 2018).…”

I know better! Emerging metacognition allows adolescents to ignore false advice

“…Interestingly, we additionally found that early adolescents (12-13 years), and male participants, showed heightened confidence, in spite of the same level of performance across all age groups and in both sexes. Although this did not relate to advice taking behaviour, overall confidence has been found to be associated with self-esteem and psychiatric symptoms dimensions such as anxious-depression, compulsivity and intrusive thoughts (Moses-Payne, Rollwage, Fleming, & Roiser, 2019;Rouault, Seow, Gillan, & Fleming, 2018). Further, integration of evidence post-decision, a similar process to advice-taking, has been shown to be associated with depressive symptoms (Moses-Payne et al, 2019).…”

Explaining distortions in metacognition with an attractor network model of decision uncertainty

“…Experimental evidence suggests that these facets of metacognitive ability are dissociable from task performance, and may have a distinct neural and computational basis [25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Interestingly, self-reported mental health symptoms have been linked to changes in metacognition, often in the absence of differences in task performance [32][33][34][35]. Developing a biologically-motivated model of metacognition has the potential to cast light on how this dissociable mechanism is implemented at a circuit level, as well as provide a direct bridge between circuitlevel dysfunction and psychopathology.…”