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Vishnyatsky, Leonid

doi:10.1023/a:1022538427684

Cited by 59 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Sample from Sel'-Ungur locality was not included in statistical processing. (Velichko et al 1991, Vishnyatsky 1999 mtc IV (3 specimens), mtc V, mtt I, mtt III, mtt IV (2 specimens), mtt V (2 specimens)…”

Section: Sexual Size Dimorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, we tested a small sample (ten bones; Tab. 13) from the multi-layered Acheulean cave site Sel'-Ungur, situated near Fergana Valley in Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia) (Vishnyatsky 1999), which was not included in statistical analysis. Age of the remains is not clear: Early to, most probably, Middle Pleistocene (Velichko et al 1991).…”

Section: Problematic Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphometric analysis of metacarpal and metatarsal bones of cave bears (Carnivora, Ursidae)

Baryshnikov¹,

Puzachenko²

2017

Fossil Imprint

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For the first time, morphometric variation has been studied in metacarpal and metatarsal bones of all known taxa of cave bears, which belong to different molecular genetic groups (deningeri, kudarensis, spelaeus, and ingressus haplotypes). The examined material involves nearly three thousand specimens from 28 localities of Europe, the Urals, Caucasus, and Central Asia. For comparison we used samples of fossil and recentUrsus arctos, as well asU. etruscus, regarded as a common ancestor of brown bears and cave bears. Methods of univariate and multivariate statistical analyses of metapodial bones were employed, providing an opportunity to ascertain the degree of sexual dimorphism in different taxa, the degree of morphological difference between taxa, and to define “size” and “shape” morphospaces for concise description of morphological diversity and classification of cave bears. Our study reveals that, on average, sexual dimorphism is more pronounced inU. arctosandU. kudarensis praekudarensisthan in cave bears. Sexual dimorphism of bear metapodia is greater than sexual dimorphism of the skull (Baryshnikov and Puzachenko 2011). The contribution of sexual dimorphism to size of the metapodials is close to a contribution associated with morphological disparity between the bears belonging to different taxa. By the example of two chronosubspecies of Kudaro cave bear:U. kudarensis praekudarensisfrom Middle Pleistocene andU. k. kudarensisfrom Late Pleistocene, we succeeded in detecting a decrease of sexual dimorphism over time, which suggests that earlier cave bears inherited a pronounced sexual dimorphism from ancestral taxa. Metacarpal and metatarsal bones of cave bears are easily distinguished from those ofU. etruscusandU. arctos, simultaneously demonstrating similarity between cave bears from different genetic groups, involving the speciesU. kudarensis(the basal taxon for all cave bears, includingU. deningeri); some peculiarities of these bones are revealed only in the smallerU. rossicus. The examples have shown the presence (U. k. kudarensis) as well as absence (U. deningeri,U. kanivetz ingressus) of evident spatial (geographical) and temporal patterns in metapodial variability. It is determined that taxa can be better differentiated by metacarpals rather than by metatarsals, because the latter proved to be more “conservative” and less variable over time. It is hypothesized that very rapid modification of metapodial bones occurred at an early stage of evolution of this group, which was presumably a result of occupation of a special ecological niche by cave bears. This study reveals that the size and shape of metacarpal and metatarsal bones did not have an observable link with the taxonomic or evolutionary position of cave bears. At the same time, the clear morphological differences between brown bears and cave bears reflect an early evolutionary divergence between “arctoid” and “spelaeoid” lineages.

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Section: Sexual Size Dimorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Problematic Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric analysis of metacarpal and metatarsal bones of cave bears (Carnivora, Ursidae)

Baryshnikov¹,

Puzachenko²

2017

Fossil Imprint

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“…Then, as the result of the test, we received evidence that the models described 70% -90% of the initial variance of the measures in same-sex samples (Tabs 10, 12). Independent variances of dimensions provide the opportunity to effectively use variance components analysis (Searle et al 1992) for estimation of the effects of potential factors, such as taxonomic composition of a sample, and sexual size dimorphism (all factors were (Velichko et al 1991, Vishnyatsky 1999 mtc IV (3 specimens), mtc V, mtt I, mtt III, mtt IV (2 specimens), mtt V (2 specimens)…”

Section: Sexual Size Dimorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric analysis of metacarpal and metatarsal bones of cave bears (Carnivora, Ursidae)

Baryshnikov¹,

Puzachenko²

2017

Fossil Imprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract For the first time, morphometric variation has been studied in metacarpal and metatarsal bones of all known taxa of cave bears, which belong to different molecular genetic groups (deningeri, kudarensis, spelaeus, and ingressus haplotypes). The examined material involves nearly three thousand specimens from 28 localities of Europe, the Urals, Caucasus, and Central Asia. For comparison we used samples of fossil and recent Ursus arctos, as well as U. etruscus, regarded as a common ancestor of brown bears and cave bears. Methods of univariate and multivariate statistical analyses of metapodial bones were employed, providing an opportunity to ascertain the degree of sexual dimorphism in different taxa, the degree of morphological difference between taxa, and to define “size” and “shape” morphospaces for concise description of morphological diversity and classification of cave bears. Our study reveals that, on average, sexual dimorphism is more pronounced in U. arctos and U. kudarensis praekudarensis than in cave bears. Sexual dimorphism of bear metapodia is greater than sexual dimorphism of the skull (Baryshnikov and Puzachenko 2011). The contribution of sexual dimorphism to size of the metapodials is close to a contribution associated with morphological disparity between the bears belonging to different taxa. By the example of two chronosubspecies of Kudaro cave bear: U. kudarensis praekudarensis from Middle Pleistocene and U. k. kudarensis from Late Pleistocene, we succeeded in detecting a decrease of sexual dimorphism over time, which suggests that earlier cave bears inherited a pronounced sexual dimorphism from ancestral taxa. Metacarpal and metatarsal bones of cave bears are easily distinguished from those of U. etruscus and U. arctos, simultaneously demonstrating similarity between cave bears from different genetic groups, involving the species U. kudarensis (the basal taxon for all cave bears, including U. deningeri); some peculiarities of these bones are revealed only in the smaller U. rossicus. The examples have shown the presence (U. k. kudarensis) as well as absence (U. deningeri, U. kanivetz ingressus) of evident spatial (geographical) and temporal patterns in metapodial variability. It is determined that taxa can be better differentiated by metacarpals rather than by metatarsals, because the latter proved to be more “conservative” and less variable over time. It is hypothesized that very rapid modification of metapodial bones occurred at an early stage of evolution of this group, which was presumably a result of occupation of a special ecological niche by cave bears. This study reveals that the size and shape of metacarpal and metatarsal bones did not have an observable link with the taxonomic or evolutionary position of cave bears. At the same time, the clear morphological differences between brown bears and cave bears reflect an early evolutionary divergence between “arctoid” and “spelaeoid” lineages.

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“…Its geographic range spans across Europe and is documented in numerous localities [ 244 ]. Apparently, the first specimens of this species were also found in Central Asia in several Uzbekistan Late Weichselian localities associated with the Late Paleolithic [ 129 , 258 ]. Its evolutionary history has been debated by many authors, who have proposed different scenarios such as a direct origin from E. altidens [ 150 , 259 , 260 ], Equus tabeti [ 237 , 239 ] or, more recently, as a new taxon arrival from Asia [ 228 , 238 ].…”

Section: Systematics Of the Equinae Since 53 Ma In Eurasia And Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eisenmann [ 284 ] reported a number of close dental similarities shared by E. koobiforensis and European E. stenonis but did not suggest a direct phylogenetic relationship between these taxa. Azzaroli [ 258 ] stated that E. koobiforensis was essentially a Grevy’s zebra. Bernor et al [ 183 ] cited the likely evolutionary relationship between North American Pliocene E. simplicidens , European E. stenonis and E. koobiforensis.…”

Section: Systematics Of the Equinae Since 53 Ma In Eurasia And Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene

Cirilli

Machado

Arroyo-Cabrales

et al. 2022

Biology

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Studies of horse evolution arose during the middle of the 19th century, and several hypotheses have been proposed for their taxonomy, paleobiogeography, paleoecology and evolution. The present contribution represents a collaboration of 19 multinational experts with the goal of providing an updated summary of Pliocene and Pleistocene North, Central and South American, Eurasian and African horses. At the present time, we recognize 114 valid species across these continents, plus 4 North African species in need of further investigation. Our biochronology and biogeography sections integrate Equinae taxonomic records with their chronologic and geographic ranges recognizing regional biochronologic frameworks. The paleoecology section provides insights into paleobotany and diet utilizing both the mesowear and light microscopic methods, along with calculation of body masses. We provide a temporal sequence of maps that render paleoclimatic conditions across these continents integrated with Equinae occurrences. These records reveal a succession of extinctions of primitive lineages and the rise and diversification of more modern taxa. Two recent morphological-based cladistic analyses are presented here as competing hypotheses, with reference to molecular-based phylogenies. Our contribution represents a state-of-the art understanding of Plio-Pleistocene Equus evolution, their biochronologic and biogeographic background and paleoecological and paleoclimatic contexts.

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Cited by 59 publications

References 17 publications

Morphometric analysis of metacarpal and metatarsal bones of cave bears (Carnivora, Ursidae)

Morphometric analysis of metacarpal and metatarsal bones of cave bears (Carnivora, Ursidae)

Morphometric analysis of metacarpal and metatarsal bones of cave bears (Carnivora, Ursidae)

Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene

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