Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene

Cirilli, Omar; Machado, Helena; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquı́n; Barrón-Ortiz, Christina I.; Davis, Edward B.; Jass, Christopher N.; Jukar, Advait M.; Landry, Zoe; Marín-Leyva, Alejandro Hiram; Pandolfi, Luca; Pushkina, Diana; Rook, Lorenzo; Saarinen, Juha; Scott, Eric; Semprebon, Gina M.; Strani, Flavia; Villavicencio, Natalia A.; Kaya, Ferhat; Bernor, Raymond L.

doi:10.3390/biology11091258

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 257 publications

(557 reference statements)

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“…The data are treated in Jupyter Notebook (Anaconda3) (Table S3). The term "crown systematic group" is applied according to the definition proposed by Cirilli et al [30]: the modern subfamilies of deer and their direct extinct forerunners are regarded in this study as crown cervids.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleobiogeography of Crown Deer

Croitor

2022

Earth

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The article describes the paleobiogeographic history of the modern subfamilies so-called “crown deer” of the family Cervidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) in the world from the late Miocene to the late Pleistocene. The study overviews the taxonomic diversity and evolutionary radiation of Cervidae from all zoogeographic realms where this systematic group is present in the paleontological record. The evolutionary diversification of the fossil Cervidae is based on the estimations of species body masses that are regarded here as a proxy of occupied ecological niches. The study reveals two important evolutionary radiations of Cervidae during the late Miocene of Eurasia that gave the origin of the modern subfamilies Cervinae and Capreolinae. The evolutionary radiation of Capreolinae during the Pleistocene in South America shows a range of diversity comparable to the late Miocene radiations of Old World deer and provides multiple examples of evolutionary convergences with Eurasian Pleistocene cervids. The article discusses factors that shaped the modern biogeographic distribution of representatives of the subfamilies Cervinae and Capreolinae.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleobiogeography of Crown Deer

Croitor

2022

Earth

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“…One-toed horses in the genus Equus Linnaeus, 1758 first evolve in the Pliocene of North America (Cirilli et al, 2022; Rook et al, 2019). It is generally accepted that Equus simplicidens Cope, 1892 is the earliest species in the genus (Bernor et al, 2019; Cirilli et al, 2021b; but see Barrón-Ortiz et al, 2019 for an alternative systematic scheme).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is generally accepted that Equus simplicidens Cope, 1892 is the earliest species in the genus (Bernor et al, 2019; Cirilli et al, 2021b; but see Barrón-Ortiz et al, 2019 for an alternative systematic scheme). The earliest records of Equus in Eurasia seem to occur in the Lower Pleistocene, at the Gauss–Matuyama paleomagnetic boundary (Bernor et al, 2018, 2019; Cirilli et al, 2021a, b, c, 2022; Rook et al, 2019; Sun & Deng, 2019). Given this concurrent appearance, the Plio–Pleistocene boundary at 2.58 Ma, the “ Equus Datum” in Eurasia is conventionally referred to this boundary (Azzaroli, 1989; Bernor et al, 2019; Lindsay et al, 1980; Rook et al, 2019; Sun & Deng, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is generally believed that Equus first appears in the Upper Siwalik Pinjor Formation (and equivalent sediments), and has been used as a biostratigraphic marker to divide the Upper Siwalik fauna into the Equus -bearing Pleistocene Pinjor Formation, and older Pliocene sediments without Equus (Nanda, 2002; Sahni & Khan, 1964). The taxonomy of Upper Siwalik Equus has been discussed in more detail elsewhere (Bernor et al, 2019; Cirilli et al, 2022), but briefly, typical Early–Middle Pleistocene Equus is represented by the Siwalik species Equus sivalensis Falconer and Cautley, 1849 (ca. 2.58–0.6 Ma).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The earliest occurrence of Equus in South Asia

Singh

Jukar

Rana

et al. 2022

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

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Fossil horses are ubiquitous members of late Neogene and Quaternary ecosystems in Eurasia and Africa. The genus Equus is conventionally thought to be a Pleistocene immigrant into Eurasia from North America, and the concurrent appearance of these monodactyl equids in Eurasia around 2.58 Ma is accepted as the Equus Datum. Here, we report on a specimen of Equus found near the village of Jhil, from the latest Pliocene of the Upper Siwaliks of India. The specimen was recovered from sediments that are lithologically equivalent to the Upper Pliocene Saketi Formation, and have been dated paleomagnetically to lie just below the Gauss–Matuyama boundary, therefore, the latest Pliocene. Our comparative work shows that the anatomy of Jhil specimen is consistent with the Early Pleistocene Siwalik horse, Equus sivalensis. Our finding extends the temporal distribution of this species into the latest Pliocene, and adds to our understanding of the variation in this species of horse. We also argue that along with potential latest Pliocene occurrences of Equus from Europe, and accounting for the Signor–Lipps effect, the Equus Datum should be revised as a latest Pliocene event.

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“…Phylogenetically and physiologically informative tissues were probed by synchrotron [ 34 ] to support the previous identification of reproductive tissues in dinosaurs [ 35 , 36 ]. Technologies continue to broaden not only the type of questions to be asked, but the type of fossils we can analyze, from coprolites [ 33 ], teeth [ 37 ], and invertebrates [ 22 , 38 , 39 ] to dinosaurs [ 25 , 34 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], mammals [ 45 ], and our own lineage [ 29 , 32 , 46 ].…”

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confidence: 99%