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Abstract

A general review of the methods available for the physical characterization of pharmaceutical solids is presented. The techniques are classified as being on the molecular level (properties capable of being detected in an ensemble of individual molecules), the particulate level (properties which can be detected through the analysis of an ensemble of particles), and the bulk level (properties which can be measured only using a relatively large amount of material). The molecular-level properties discussed are infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, the particulate-level properties discussed are particle morphology, particle size distribution, powder X-ray diffraction, and thermal methods of analysis, and the bulk-level properties discussed are surface area, porosity and pore size distribution, and powder flow characteristics. Full physical characterization of three modifications of lactose (hydrous, anhydrous, and Fast-Flo) is presented to illustrate the type of information which can be obtained using each of the techniques discussed.

Cyclodextrin based nanosponges for pharmaceutical use: A review

“…After polymer synthesis, the appearance of functional group peaks in the FT-IR spectrum is an indication of the formation of bonds between two monomer units of the polymer. In FTIR for a crystalline structure, a vibrational spectrum is obtained (73). FT-IR spectra of dried nanosponges, pure drug and drug loaded nanosponges are taken to understand the interaction.…”

Ultrasound Assisted Engineering of Lactose Crystals

“…After heat-induced deproteination, the residual whey is concentrated and cooled to yield raw lactose (1,2), which is re-dissolved, charcoal treated and recrystallized (1,3). Crystal habit of lactose varies from prism, pyramid to tomahawk depending on conditions of crystallization (4). Above 93.5°C β-lactose anhydrous is formed, while below this, α-lactose monohydrate (α-LM) is obtained (5).…”

Spectral Methods for the Characterization of Polymorphs and Solvates

“…1 Any defining characteristic that might affect the stability or availability of the drug substance in a solid dosage form should be monitored and controlled, 2 so, the physical characterization of solids has become an extremely important area in pharmaceutics. 3,4 Important investigations into solid-state phenomena can center on questions of chemical reactivity, where attention is focused on the solid-state reactions that occur in bulk drugs or in their dosage forms. 5 An equally important area of solid-state pharmaceutics is the study of the crystallographic properties of a given compound.…”