“…[1,30,31] Take interstitial free steel as an example, when the mean grain size is 0.95 μm, a promising UE of 0.11 is obtained, but early plastic instability occurs when the grain size is further decreased to 0.85 μm, resulting in a drastic decrease of UE to 0.01. [31] However, it is reported that in Cu-Zn alloys with ultrafine-grained or nanocrystallized structures after high-pressure torsion processing, there exists an optimal medium SFE yielding the best ductility, which is consistent with the present results in the fine-grained regime. [3] In this study, finegrained Cu-Al alloys are analyzed only when the grain size falls into the range of 0.5-3.5 μm since the ductility will be negligible when the grain size is smaller than about 0.5 μm [15,22,25,30] in contrast to the annealed counterparts.…”