Yeast Pro- and Paraprobiotics Have the Capability to Bind Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Animal Disease1

Abstract

Live yeast probiotics and yeast cell wall components (paraprobiotics) may serve as an alternative to the use of antibiotics in prevention and treatment of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics and paraprobiotics can bind directly to pathogens, which limits binding of the pathogens to the intestinal cells and also facilitates removal from the host. However, knowledge of bacterial binding, specificity, and/or capability is limited with regard to probiotics or paraprobiotics. The goal of this study was to characterize the qualitative and quantitative nature of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae probiotics and three S. cerevisiae paraprobiotics to adhere to thirteen different pathogenic bacteria using scanning electron miscroscopy and filtration assays. On average, the yeast probiotics (LYA and LYB) exhibited overall greater (P < 0.05) adhesion to the pathogenic bacteria tested (41% and 34%) in comparison to paraprobiotics (23%, 21%, and 22%), though variations were observed between pathogens tested. The ability of Salmonella and Listeria to utilize components of the yeast as a nutrient source was also tested. Bacteria were cultured in media with limited carbon and supplemented with cell free extracts of the probiotics and paraprobiotics. Salmonella exhibited growth, indicating these pathogens could utilize the yeast lysates as a carbon source. Listeria monocytogenes had limited growth in only one of the lysates tested. Together, these data indicate that the interaction between probiotics and paraprobiotics occurs in a strain dependent mechanism. Administration of probiotics and paraprobiotics as therapeutics therefore needs to be specific against the bacterial pathogen target.

Salmonella infection – prevention and treatment by antibiotics and probiotic yeasts: a review

“…adhesins/receptors such as fimbriae on bacteria cell walls that can bind to mannose on yeast cell walls. S. boulardii cell walls possess high mannose content and hence the capacity to bind bacteria pathogens with mannosebinding fimbriae [70,71]. Bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella species, have been reported to bind better to probiotic yeasts than to parabiotic yeasts [71].…”

“…S. boulardii cell walls possess high mannose content and hence the capacity to bind bacteria pathogens with mannosebinding fimbriae [70,71]. Bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella species, have been reported to bind better to probiotic yeasts than to parabiotic yeasts [71]. Moreover, adhesions of pathogenic bacterial cells onto yeast cell walls were found to be prominent when yeast growth was at the stationary phase compared to other growth phases [72].…”

“…Enteropathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella species and pathogenic E.coli, have been shown to preferentially and irreversibly bind to surfaces of S. boulardii [52,71,72]. The binding of pathogenic bacteria onto yeast cell walls limits their infectivity, since S. boulardii does not bind to the GIT; the bound bacterial cells pass transiently through the GIT and are excreted in the faeces [74].…”

“…The ability of S. boulardii to bind enteropathogenic bacteria is independent of viability; both probiotic and para-probiotic yeasts were shown to bind pathogenic bacterial cells [71,75]. Interestingly, yeast species were reported not to bind to bacteria normally found in GIT, with the exception of the S. cerevisiae UFMG 905 strain, which bound Bacteroides fragilis [72].…”

Synbiotic feed supplementation significantly improves lipid utilization and shows discrete effects on disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…No mechanistic investigations were performed regarding the specifics of any inhibitory function of the included paraprobiotics on Y. ruckeri. However, as the binding between yeast paraprobiotics and various bacterial pathogens has been suggested to be strain-specific 35 , further studies are warranted to address whether or not improvements could be made with various bacterial paraprobiotics.…”