Xylooligosaccharide Modulates Gut Microbiota and Alleviates Colonic Inflammation Caused by High Fat Diet Induced Obesity

Abstract

Obesity leads to colonic inflammation and may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Xylooligosaccharide (XOS) exhibits strong antioxidant and excellent antibacterial properties, and can be utilized by gut microbes to maintain the ecological balance of the intestinal tract. In this study, we explored how XOS modulates the microbiota and regulates high fat diet (HFD) induced inflammation. We measured the changes in body weight and visceral coefficients in rats fed a high-fat diet. We also measured the expression levels of inflammatory factors in the plasma and colonic tissues of the rats using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We analyzed the composition of fecal microorganisms and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) content using 16S rDNA and GC-MS. We found that XOS significantly counteracted HFD induced weight gain. Moreover, the plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide decreased in the XOS-treated rats. XOS treatment decreased TNF-α mRNA expression and increased occludin mRNA expression in the rat colon. We observed a reduction in the overall microbial abundance in the feces of the XOStreated rats, although the proportion of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes increased significantly and the number of beneficial bacteria increased in the form of dominant microbes. We found that both SCFA-producing bacteria and SCFA content increased in the gut of the XOS-treated rats. We identified a correlation between the abundance of Prevotella and Paraprevotella and SCFA content. Taken together, we propose that XOS can alleviate colonic inflammation by regulating gut microbial composition and enhancing SCFA content in the gut.

Probiotic Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum ZJUIDS06 and Lactobacillus plantarum ZY08 on Hypercholesteremic Golden Hamsters

“…SCFA in the colon content were determined following a previously described method with some modification (40). After dissection, the segmented colon sections were squeezed with sterile forceps, and the contents were removed and stored in cryopreservation tubes at −80 • C. The colon contents were diluted five-fold with ultrapure water and vortexed for 3 min.…”

The Future of Gastrointestinal Physiology: 2020 and Beyond

“…Frontiers in Gastrointestinal Sciences has played a significant role in publishing important papers in the emerging field. These include papers on the role of the gut microbiome in both alcoholic (Su et al, 2016;Yue et al, 2020;Zheng et al, 2020) and non-alcoholic (Bian et al, 2017;Porras et al, 2018;Zheng et al, 2018) liver disease; the role of sulfur metabolism by the microbiome on gut sensory signaling, colonic inflammation and cancer; (Carbonero et al, 2012;Bala et al, 2014;Guo et al, 2016;Burgueño et al, 2019;Fei et al, 2019;Song et al, 2019;Ren et al, 2020) glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes; (Lê et al, 2012;Su et al, 2016) tuberculosis (Luo et al, 2017) mood and behavior and Gulf war illness; (Grenham et al, 2011;Kimono et al, 2019) pulmonary tuberculosis; (Luo et al, 2017) and autoimmune pancreatitis (Haruta et al, 2012). Other papers provided information on the effects of xenobiotics, probiotics, vitamins, and medication affect the gut microbiome and physiology (Yang et al, 2015;Su et al, 2016;Atashgahi et al, 2018;Li et al, 2018;Zheng et al, 2018;Chang et al, 2019;Fei et al, 2019;Guan et al, 2019;Song et al, 2019;Xu et al, 2019;Zhu et al, 2020) while some addressed the interplay between endogenous processes and the gut microbiome including bile acids and cholesterol metabolism, adrenergic input and gut epithelial responses (Yang et al, 2017;Burgueño et al, 2019;Molinero et al, 2019).…”

Supplemental Xylooligosaccharide Modulates Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Cecal Microbiota in Laying Hens Fed Oxidized Fish Oil

“…Consistently, our results showed that abundance of Akkermansia was positively associated with ileal VH and the expression of ZO2 and CLDN1 . Paraprevotella and Prevotella enriched by XOS treatment were also described by a recent research ( Fei et al, 2020 ), in which they were associated with butyrate generation in the gut because of their capability to degrade cellulose and polysaccharides, which was favorable to FCR of animals fed plant-based diets ( Gorvitovskaia et al, 2016 ; Shah et al, 2018 ). Besides, Prevotella abundance was also associated with a higher production of luminal sIgA, implying its role in intestinal immune regulation ( Mach et al, 2015 ).…”

“…Similarly, dietary supplementation of prebiotics and synbiotics (both contained 150 mg/kg XOS) improved small intestinal morphology and sIgA content in broilers ( Min et al, 2016 ). Besides, XOS was also demonstrated to mitigate high-fat diet-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction by modulating gut microbial composition ( Fei et al, 2020 ). Accordingly, addition of XOS may exert active roles in protecting intestinal function in chickens.…”