Xylo-Oligosaccharides in Prevention of Hepatic Steatosis and Adipose Tissue Inflammation: Associating Taxonomic and Metabolomic Patterns in Fecal Microbiomes with Biclustering

Abstract

We have shown that prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) increased beneficial gut microbiota (GM) and prevented high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, but the mechanisms associated with these effects are not clear. We studied whether XOS affects adipose tissue inflammation and insulin signaling, and whether the GM and fecal metabolome explain associated patterns. XOS was supplemented or not with high (HFD) or low (LFD) fat diet for 12 weeks in male Wistar rats (n = 10/group). Previously analyzed GM and fecal metabolites were biclustered to reduce data dimensionality and identify interpretable groups of co-occurring genera and metabolites. Based on our findings, biclustering provides a useful algorithmic method for capturing such joint signatures. On the HFD, XOS-supplemented rats showed lower number of adipose tissue crown-like structures, increased phosphorylation of AKT in liver and adipose tissue as well as lower expression of hepatic miRNAs. XOS-supplemented rats had more fecal glycine and less hypoxanthine, isovalerate, branched chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids. Several bacterial genera were associated with the metabolic signatures. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of XOS on hepatic steatosis involved decreased adipose tissue inflammation and likely improved insulin signaling, which were further associated with fecal metabolites and GM.

Aerobic exercise training and gut microbiome-associated metabolic shifts in women with overweight: a multi-omic study

“…Lipids in large VLDLs associated positively with the phylum Pseudomonadota and microbial metabolic pathways in the metagenome involving carbohydrates and lipids, suggesting a connection between the gut microbiome and lipid metabolism. A biclustering analysis 21 of the associations corroborated the links between phospholipids and microbial metabolism (Supplementary Fig. S1 ).…”

“…We then visualized the network using Cytoscape 3 (version 3.9). In addition, we also used biclustering (Python 3, package Scikit learn 1.1), as documented before 21 , on the spearman correlations between metabolites and microbial metabolic functions to search for biologically relevant groups.…”

Biochemical Basis of Xylooligosaccharide Utilisation by Gut Bacteria

“…In another study, mice fed with XOS and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S2 showed a lower pH through production of acetate, which is beneficial to limit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus , Enterobacter , and Clostridia species [ 56 ]. Moreover, SCFA produced through microbial fermentation of XOS has been shown to increase the strength of the intestinal barrier [ 57 ], reduce colonic [ 58 ] and adipose tissue inflammation [ 59 ], and ameliorate obesity induced by a high fat diet and glucose intolerance [ 60 , 61 ]. Such beneficial effects on gut health are therefore expected for L. reuteri and B. producta strains able to utilize XOS.…”

Co-interventions withClostridium butyricumand soluble dietary fiber targeting the gut microbiota improve MAFLDviathe Acly/Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway

“…Furthermore, butyrate also plays an important role in the improvement of MAFLD by inhibiting inflammation, 77,78 maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity, 79 and promoting fatty acid β oxidation. 80 However, some studies reported that xylo-oligosaccharides 81 and porphyran-derived oligosaccharides 82 alleviate MAFLD and related gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice. In contrast, Vishal Singh et al found that long-term dietary soluble fiber inulin, pectin, or fructooligosaccharide supplementation induces gut microbiota dysbiosis and liver disease (cholestasis, hepatic inflammation, and liver cancer) in mice.…”