XRD and FTIR Studies of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Water Hyacinth (<i>Eichornia crassipes</i>) Fiber

Abstract

The isolation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from water hyacinth (WH) fibers were carried out. There are two treatments to obtain NCC from WH fibers by chemical and mechanical treatments. The chemical treatment involved alkalization with NaOH 25% in a highly-pressured tube, acid hydrolysis with 5M HCl, and bleaching with (NaClO2:CH3COOH) in ratio 5:2. The mechanical treatment was performed by using ultrasonic homogenizing at 12000 Rpm for 2 h. The morphological surface was observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). TEM reported that the size of NCC was 10–40 nm. Crystallinity index and functional group analysis of the NCC WH fibers were also examined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. XRD reported that the crystallinity index increased significantly after chemical and mechanical treatment due to the presents of crystalline area in the WH fibers. The crystallinity index of raw fiber, digester, bleaching, and ultrasonic homogenizing were 7%, 68%, 69%, and 73% respectively. The content cellulose of final product was 68% as measured by the chemical composition test. Meanwhile, FTIR reported that WH fibers after being given chemical treatment lead the functional group change due to removal hemicellulose and lignin. The result of XRD and FTIR were indicated that the sample of NCC WH fibers presents the structure of cellulose crystal type I.

Surface properties characterization of local Eichornia crassipes biosorbent

“…Based on data, it can be concluded that the pore of Eichornia crassipes was categorized as macropore with diameter more than 50 nm. These findings are rather different compared to Asrofi's findings that the diameter and length of nanocellulose WHF were 15.61 and 147.4 nm, respectively [13]. This can be thought that the differences caused by the different treatment for both samples [14].…”

“…The stem has variation in shape, there are square, trilateral, and another shape which was like crystal. The crystal phase of the biomass fiber as confirmed by Asrofi et al [13]. The leaf has a different shape, which is like something clot and crystal.…”

Mechanical Properties of a Water Hyacinth Nanofiber Cellulose Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch Bionanocomposite: Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration during Processing

“…Water hyacinth is one possible source of natural fiber which is low cost, non-toxic, and abundant in Indonesia. It has approximately 40% cellulose content which is comparable with the fiber content from other sources [21]. Cellulose content has an important influence on the properties of biocomposites.…”

Production of Nanocellulose from Pineapple Leaf Fibers via High-Shear Homogenization and Ultrasonication

“…These include water hyacinth [10][11][12], oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) [13], banana (pseudo stem), jute (stem) and pineapple leaf fiber [2], arecanut husk fiber [14], kenaf bast (Hibiscus cannabinus) [15], coconut husk [16], Helicteres isora plant [17] and bacterial cellulose [18][19][20].…”