Nitrite has emerged as an endogenous signaling molecule with potential therapeutic implications for cardiovascular disease. Steadystate levels of nitrite are derived in part from dietary sources; therefore, we investigated the effects of dietary nitrite and nitrate supplementation and deficiency on NO homeostasis and on the severity of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Mice fed a standard diet with supplementation of nitrite (50 mg/liter) in their drinking water for 7 days exhibited significantly higher plasma levels of nitrite, exhibited significantly higher myocardial levels of nitrite, nitroso, and nitrosyl-heme, and displayed a 48% reduction in infarct size (Inf) after MI/R. Supplemental nitrate (1 g/liter) in the drinking water for 7 days also increased blood and tissue NO products and significantly reduced Inf. A time course of ischemia-reperfusion revealed that nitrite was consumed during the ischemic phase, with an increase in nitroso/nitrosyl products in the heart. Mice fed a diet deficient in nitrite and nitrate for 7 days exhibited significantly diminished plasma and heart levels of nitrite and NO metabolites and a 59% increase in Inf after MI/R. Supplementation of nitrite in the drinking water for 7 days reversed the effects of nitrite deficiency. These data demonstrate the significant influence of dietary nitrite and nitrate intake on the maintenance of steady-state tissue nitrite/nitroso levels and illustrate the consequences of nitrite deficiency on the pathophysiology of MI/R injury. Therefore, nitrite and nitrate may serve as essential nutrients for optimal cardiovascular health and may provide a treatment modality for cardiovascular disease.dietary supplementation ͉ myocardial infarction ͉ nitric oxide T he loss of nitric oxide (NO) generation as a result of a dysfunctional vascular endothelium is an often cited correlate of heart disease (1). Continuous generation of NO is essential for the integrity of the cardiovascular system, and a decreased production and/or bioavailability of NO is central to the development of cardiovascular disorders (2, 3). NO is a highly reactive and diffusible gas formed by three NO synthase (NOS) isoforms: neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). NO has been extensively studied in the setting of ischemiareperfusion (I/R) injury. Previous studies clearly demonstrate that the deficiency of eNOS exacerbates myocardial I/R (MI/R) injury (4), whereas the overexpression of eNOS (5, 6), NO donor (7, 8), or inhaled NO gas (9) therapy significantly protect the myocardium (10). NO possesses a number of physiological properties that make it a potent cardioprotective-signaling molecule. These include vasodilation and the inhibition of oxidative stress, platelet aggregation, leukocyte chemotaxis, and apoptosis (11-13). NO synthesis is influenced critically by various cofactors, such as tetrahydrobiopterin, flavin mononucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide, as well as the presence of reduced thiols, the endogenous NOS inhibitor asy...