Xanthophyll Biosynthesis

Bouvier, Florence; d’Harlingue, Alain; Hugueney, Philippe; Marín, Elena; Marion‐Poll, Annie; Camara, Bilal

doi:10.1074/jbc.271.46.28861

Cited by 157 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Because of their importance, the enzymes in this pathway have been characterized and the structural genes have been cloned from a wide array of higher plants (refs. 13 and 15-17 and references therein), including pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) (28)(29)(30). Further, the genetic basis of variation in fruit color due to alterations in carotenoid content has been well established in tomato and, to a lesser extent, pepper.…”

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confidence: 99%

Candidate gene analysis of organ pigmentation loci in the Solanaceae

Thorup

Tanyolaç

Livingstone

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

171

127

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Ten structural genes from the Capsicum (pepper) carotenoid biosynthetic pathway have been localized on a (Capsicum annuum ؋ Capsicum chinense)F 2 genetic map anchored in Lycopersicon (tomato). The positions of these genes were compared with positions of the same genes in tomato when known, and with loci from pepper, potato, and tomato that affect carotenoid levels in different tissues. C2, one of three phenotypically defined loci determining pepper fruit color, cosegregated with phytoene synthase. The capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (Ccs) locus, shown previously to cosegregate with Y, another pepper fruit color locus, mapped to pepper chromosome 6. Other structural genes in pepper corresponded to loci affecting carotenoid production as follows: Ccs in pepper and the B locus for hyperaccumulation of ␤-carotene in tomato fruit mapped to homeologous regions; the position of the lycopene ␤-cyclase gene in pepper may correspond to the lutescent-2 mutation in tomato; and the lycopene -cyclase locus in pepper corresponded to the lycopene -cyclase locus͞Del mutation for hyperaccumulation of ␦-carotene in tomato fruit. Additional associations were seen between the structural genes and previously mapped loci controlling quantitative variation in pepper and tomato fruit color. These results demonstrate that comparative analyses using candidate genes may be used to link specific metabolic phenotypes and loci that affect these phenotypes in related species.

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confidence: 99%

Candidate gene analysis of organ pigmentation loci in the Solanaceae

Thorup

Tanyolaç

Livingstone

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

171

127

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“…In contrast, mutants impaired in the downstream steps of carotenoid biosynthesis do not show photobleaching. The aba1 mutant of Arabidopsis and the aba2 mutant of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia are impaired in the epoxidation of zeaxanthin and have been shown to be either slightly or not at all affected in PSII photochemical efficiency (Rock and Zeevaart, 1991; Rock et al, 1992;Marin et al, 1996; Tardy and Havaux, 1996;Hurry et al, 1997). Zeaxanthin was able to replace the missing epoxy-carotenoids antheraxanthin, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin as a stabilizing component of the light-harvesting complex II in the aba1 mutant of Arabidopsis.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The N. plumbaginifolia ABA2 cDNA has been cloned and shown to encode zeaxanthin epoxidase, a chloroplastimported protein of 72.5 kD (Marin et al, 1996). Homologous zeaxanthin epoxidase cDNAs were subsequently cloned in pepper (Bouvier et al, 1996) and tomato (Burbidge et al, 1997b).…”

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Expression Studies of the Zeaxanthin Epoxidase Gene inNicotiana plumbaginifolia

et al. 1998

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Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone involved in the control of a wide range of physiological processes, including adaptation to environmental stress and seed development. In higher plants ABA is a breakdown product of xanthophyll carotenoids (C 40 ) via the C 15 intermediate xanthoxin. The ABA2 gene of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia encodes zeaxanthin epoxidase, which catalyzes the conversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin. In this study we analyzed steady-state levels of ABA2 mRNA in N. plumbaginifolia. The ABA2 mRNA accumulated in all plant organs, but transcript levels were found to be higher in aerial parts (stems and leaves) than in roots and seeds. In leaves ABA2 mRNA accumulation displayed a day/night cycle; however, the ABA2 protein level remained constant. In roots no diurnal fluctuation in mRNA levels was observed. In seeds the ABA2 mRNA level peaked around the middle of development, when ABA content has been shown to increase in many species. In conditions of drought stress, ABA levels increased in both leaves and roots. A concomitant accumulation of ABA2 mRNA was observed in roots but not in leaves. These results are discussed in relation to the role of zeaxanthin epoxidase both in the xanthophyll cycle and in the synthesis of ABA precursors.ABA is ubiquitous in higher plants and is also produced by some algae and several phytopathogenic fungi. It modulates the growth and development of plants, particularly during seed formation and in response to environmental stresses (Zeevaart and Creelman, 1988;Giraudat et al., 1994). During seed development endogenous ABA content fluctuates in a number of species (Black, 1991) and has been implicated in the control of many events during seed formation, including the accumulation of nutritive reserves, the acquisition of desiccation tolerance, and the onset and maintenance of dormancy (McCarty, 1995;Ingram and Bartels, 1996). In vegetative tissues ABA levels increase in various stress conditions, and application of ABA creates effects similar to plant-stress responses. It has been shown that increased ABA levels limit water loss through transpiration by reducing stomatal aperture (Leung and Giraudat, 1998). Moreover, the responses to ABA result in long-term physiological changes that require modifications of gene expression at the transcriptional level (Bray, 1993(Bray, , 1997Chandler and Robertson, 1994; Shinozaki and YamaguchiShinozaki, 1996).It is now clear that ABA is a breakdown product of xanthophyll carotenoids (C 40 ) via the C 15 intermediate xanthoxin (Walton and Li, 1995). Studies of mutants defective in ABA synthesis have contributed to the clarification of the biosynthetic pathway and to the analysis of the physiological role of endogenous ABA (Zeevaart and Creelman, 1988; Taylor, 1991). Such mutant plants show a reduced seed dormancy and have a strong tendency to wilt, a condition that can be reversed by applying ABA. Moreover, ABA-deficient mutants have been shown to be impaired in cold and drought adaptation and in the stress regulation of various...

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“…However, plant species and tissues seem to differ markedly in the extent to which L serves as a substrate for ZE. 2 Indeed, ZE seems to be the key enzyme to complete the Lx cycle. So far, two different responses have been described with respect to Lx cycling.…”

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Lutein epoxide cycle, more than just a forest tale

Esteban

Becerril²,

Garcı́a-Plazaola³

2009

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Two xanthophyll cycles have been described in higher plants: the ubiquitous violaxanthin (V) cycle and the taxonomically restricted lutein epoxide (Lx) cycle. Both involve the light induced de-epoxidation of an epoxidated xanthophyll (V or Lx) and the epoxidation back in the dark. Evolutionary trends and function of the Lx cycle are still not clear. Up to nowadays, significant amounts of Lx have been found in several unrelated taxa, but it is a character almost exclusive from woody plants (except in the case of the parasitic plant Cuscuta reflexa). We have found an exception to this pattern in Cucumis sativus L., which showed high concentrations of Lx. Since Lx cycle was operative in leaves and cotyledons of this species and Lx concentration were much higher in cotyledons than in leaves, we speculate a role for the early stages of development. To date, this species is the first herbaceous non-parasitic species with operative Lx cycle. Since this species can be much more easily and rapidly grown and investigated than woody plants, these data can open new horizons and new lines of investigation for Lx cycle.The photosynthetic apparatus of higher plants must be highly adaptable to quick and large changes in quantum flux 1 and plants have to solve a challenging problem: they need to optimize their energy gain for carbon fixation and they need to protect the light harvesting system from photodamage. The excess of light energy can produce an overexcitation of the photosynthetic apparatus, which may lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species, causing photodynamic bleaching and perturbation of cellular metabolism. 7 Plants have evolved photoprotective strategies for getting rid of the excess of light energy, which represent a trade-off between photosynthetic efficiency and photoprotection. One of these strategies is the modulation of the rate of thermal energy dissipation through the violaxanthin (V) cycle. 4 The cycle implies inter-conversions between three carotenoids in the thylakoid membrane: violaxanthin (V), antheraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin (Z). Violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) catalyzes the light-induced de-epoxidation of V to Z via A and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZE) catalyzes the epoxidation of Z back to V, upon weak light. The combined activity of both enzymes generates a light-dependent daily cycle. The V cycle is ubiquitous, occurring not only in land plants but also in all eukaryotic algae expect of Cryptophyta, Glaucophyta and Rhodophyta. 11 In parallel to V cycle, lutein epoxide (Lx) cycle operation has been described, but it is restricted to some families of higher plants. 10 The Lx cycle consists on a light-driven de-epoxidation of Lx into lutein (L) catalysed also by VDE. The complete operation of the Lx cycle requires the epoxidation back of L to Lx. However, in this cycle this step still remains unclear. Lutein has one β-ring, and it could be in principle a substrate for ZE. However, plant species and tissues seem to differ markedly in the extent to which L serves as a substrate for ZE. 2 Indeed, Z...

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Xanthophyll Biosynthesis

Cited by 157 publications

References 63 publications

Candidate gene analysis of organ pigmentation loci in the Solanaceae

Candidate gene analysis of organ pigmentation loci in the Solanaceae

Expression Studies of the Zeaxanthin Epoxidase Gene inNicotiana plumbaginifolia

Lutein epoxide cycle, more than just a forest tale

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