“…For example, manipulations that increase perspective taking or empathy reduce aggression (Richardson, Green, & Lago, 1998;Richardson, Hammock, Smith, Gardner, & Signo, 1994;Stanger, Kavussanu, & Ring, 2012;Tsuneoka & Takano, 2011). In addition, two studies of adolescents in the United States found that greater perspective/empathy taking corresponded with lower levels of aggression (Batanova & Loukas, 2011;Carlo, Raffaelli, Laible, & Meyer, 1999). The second of these two studies is particularly important because it demonstrated the relationship longitudinally with a 1 year gap between the measurement of perspective taking and aggression.…”