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Impulsivity and cigarette craving: differences across subtypes

“…In other words, because they have a stronger belief that cigarettes will provide pleasurable experiences and alleviate aversive ones, they may have a stronger urge to smoke after exposure to a smoking cue. This hypothesis is consistent with previous reports of a positive association between smoking reinforcement expectancies and cue-induced craving (Brandon et al 1996; Palfai 2002). It is also consistent with studies demonstrating a correlation between impulsivity and craving among individuals dependent on other substances, including alcohol (Zilberman et al 2003) and opiates (Powell et al 1992).…”

Will dry events occur more often in Hungary in the future?

“…Similar to global and continental trends, annual mean temperatures became warmer during the second half of the 20th century, and a significant increase in drought frequency has been observed (Szinell et al 1998). A continuous, extraordinarily dry period with severe droughts occurred in the Carpathian Basin between 1983 and 1994 (Pálfai 1994). In particular, summers were warmer in the last 15 years (1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004) compared with the climate period 1961-90.…”

“…Contrary to other extreme meteorological events, droughts are the most slowly developing ones and often have the longest duration. The beginning, end and intensity of a drought are hard to predict (Pálfai 1994, Jankó Szép et al 2005. A drought is a relative event, its definition depends on the climate, soil and vegetation conditions of the region.…”