X-Ray Structure of Rubber-Carbon Black Mixtures

Gehman, S. D.; Field, J. E.

doi:10.1021/ie50370a027

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…One can see that the onset of crystallization corresponds to a lower value of stretch ratio: λ A ∼ 2 instead of λ A ∼ 4 for unfilled rubber. Gehman and Field 32 already noticed this offset of λ A in CB filled NR. Moreover, the "supercooling effect" is not so important.…”

Section: B Carbon Black Fillersmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The diffraction patterns of vulcanized and unvulcanized NR are very similar as shown in the work of Gehman and Field,31 who also demonstrated that the crystal structure is not changed in NR vulcanizates containing carbon black fillers. 32 The influence of crosslinking and fillers on SIC will be detailed in Section IV of the present article. In 1942, Bunn 33 published one of the most significant work on the crystallographic structure of NR.…”

Section: The Crystalline Phase Of Natural Rubber a Crystallograpmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber: A Review of X-Ray Diffraction Investigations

Huneau

2011

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

208

149

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Strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber was discovered in 1925 by the means of x-ray diffraction and has been widely investigated by this technique until today. The studies devoted to the structure of the crystalline phase of natural rubber are first reviewed. This structure is strongly anisotropic and can be related to the exceptionally good strength and fatigue properties of this material. The relationships between strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber and its mechanical response, during static or tension-retraction tests, are also reviewed and discussed; in particular, the hysteresis of the stress-strain curve is mainly explained by strain-induced crystallization. The kinetics of crystallization under both static and cyclic deformation is also discussed, as well as the influence of different factors, depending either on material composition (crosslink density, carbon black fillers) or on external parameters (temperature, strain rate. . . )

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Section: B Carbon Black Fillersmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: The Crystalline Phase Of Natural Rubber a Crystallograpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber: A Review of X-Ray Diffraction Investigations

Huneau

2011

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

208

149

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“…Although several past studies have been carried out to investigate the properties of DPNR and IR in various conditions, the effect of crosslink density on their mechanical properties has not been compared. Furthermore, several researchers have shown that carbon black, widely used as a reinforcing filler, can also promote crystallization in NR during stretching 12–14. Studies of cut growth in gum and black‐filled NR vulcanizates have demonstrated that a tightly crosslinked gum NR vulcanizate incapable of strain‐induced crystallization may be induced to do so by carbon black 15, 16.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of deproteinized natural rubber in comparison with synthetic cis‐1, 4 polyisoprene vulcanizates: Gum and black‐filled vulcanizates

Rattanasom¹,

Thammasiripong²,

Suchiva³

2005

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Gum and black-filled vulcanizates having various crosslink densities were prepared from 2 types of rubber, namely, deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) and synthetic cis-1, 4 polyisoprene vulcanizates (IR). Their mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion loss, and heat buildup resistance, at various crosslink densities as well as at similar optimum crosslink density were compared. For both gum and black-filled systems, IR possessed a higher crosslink density than that of DPNR at a fixed curative content. Tensile and tear strength of all vulcanizates passed through a maximum with increasing crosslink density. For gum vulcanizates, tensile and tear strengths of DPNR and IR below the maximum were not much different. However, IR had a narrower tear strength peak relative to DPNR. At a comparable optimum crosslink density, DPNR exhibited higher tensile strength and crack growth resistance than IR. For black-filled vulcanizates, tensile and tear strengths, and heat buildup resistance of DPNR and IR at a given crosslink density were similar. The results revealed that the properties of gum samples were more dependent upon crosslink density than the black-filled ones because the reinforcement by carbon black overshadowed the intrinsic properties of the rubbers.

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“…Diolefins and aromatics were prominent in the liquid products. BUTADIENE has been obtained as a thermal reaction product of ethylene (4,12) and also of mixtures of ethylene and acetylene (1,4,5,8,11). Burk, Baldwin, and Whitacre (4) summarized the various mechanisms proposed for the pyrolysis of ethylene and pointed out that the experimental observations upon which they are based do not always agree.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%