X-Ray Rayleigh Scatting Method for Analysis of Heavy Atoms in Low Z Media

Quantitative Determination of Low Atomic Number Elements Using Intensity Ratio of Coherent to Incoherent Scattering of X-Rays. Determination of Hydrogen and Carbon

“…The theoretical intensities of the two types of scatter are difficult to treat. Some good approximations for the intensities to be expected have been given (10), and these are probably applicable to this study. However, such treatments have two limiting features.…”

“…Nitrogen differs from carbon by only one unit in atomic number so these elements have similar scattering properties. Using equations for the estimation of the intensity of coherent and incoherent scattering (10), y% carbon and x% nitrogen produce the same intensity ratio as y + x% carbon if the accuracy in the measurement of R is ±0.05% or better and if the concentration of nitrogen is below7 1%. Thus, it is sufficient to measure the carbon and nitrogen (carbon + nitrogen) as if these elements were only an equivalent weight of carbon.…”

Determination of iron in high-grade iron ore and of lead in lead concentrate by Compton scattering of 60-keV .gamma.-rays from americium-241

“…Both the probability of Rayleigh scattering and absorption of X-rays in the sample increase with atomic number and, for the applications being considered in this paper, are mainly due to the high atomic number element whose concentration is being determined. The probability of Rayleigh scattering varies between Z2/A and Z3/A depending on angle of scatter (4,5), where Z and A are, respectively, the atomic number and atomic weight of the element being determined. The absorption of X-rays in the sample is essentially due to the photoelectric effect and varies approximately with Z4/A (5).…”

Photon scattering in biomedically important elements

“…A recent increase of interest in the biomedical and other applications of coherent and incoherent scattering of y rays off low Z elements (Ziegler 1959;Puumalainen et a1 1976Puumalainen et a1 , 1977Puumalainen et a1 , 1979Puumalainen et a1 , 1982 Williamson and Morin 1983) has prompted the authors to examine possible insufficiencies in the treatment of the individual processes concerned, present in several of these investigations. It must be noted, however, that in a few cases the results obtained by the authors do not depend on the assumed 2 dependence.…”

“…It is often assumed, for example, that the intensities of the coherently and incoherently scattered beams vary respectively, at least approximately, as Z 3 and Z of the scatterer (Ziegler 1959;Puumalainen et a1 1976Puumalainen et a1 , 1977Olkkonen et a1 1976;Cooper et a1 1982;Holt et a1 1983). In this paper we examine these simple Z dependence descriptions, and propose use of more realistic dependences.…”