“…The XPS wide-range scan spectra of neat Fe 3 O 4 , DE, and Arg-mag-DE NPs are depicted in Figure . The XPS total survey measurements recorded a binding energy in the 0–1000 eV range and clearly showed dominating peaks at 76.58 (Al 2p), 105.03 (Si 2p), 284.08 (C 1s), 535.12 (O 1s), and 714.88 (Fe 2p) eV for DE (Figure A, line i) , and 103.68 (Si 2p), 285.03 (C 1s), 401.08 (N 1s), 532.08 (O 1s), and 711.18 (Fe 2p) eV for Arg-mag-DE (Figure A, line ii). , However, according to the wide-range scan, the presence of N 1s and the disappearance of Al 2p Arg-mag-DE NPs clearly show that Fe 3 O 4 coated the surface of DE and that l -arginine was attached to the surface of Fe 3 O 4 . Figure B–G (line ii) represents the deconvoluted high-resolution XPS spectra for Si 2p, C 1s, N 1s, O 1s, and Fe 2p of DE and mag-DE NPs, respectively.…”