X-ray photonic microsystems for the manipulation of synchrotron light

Abstract

Photonic microsystems played an essential role in the development of integrated photonic devices, thanks to their unique spatiotemporal control and spectral shaping capabilities. Similar capabilities to markedly control and manipulate X-ray radiation are highly desirable but practically impossible due to the massive size of the silicon single-crystal optics currently used. Here we show that micromechanical systems can be used as X-ray optics to create and preserve the spatial, temporal and spectral correlation of the X-rays. We demonstrate that, as X-ray reflective optics they can maintain the wavefront properties with nearly 100% reflectivity, and as a dynamic diffractive optics they can generate nanosecond time windows with over 100-kHz repetition rates. Since X-ray photonic microsystems can be easily incorporated into lab-based and next-generation synchrotron X-ray sources, they bring unprecedented design flexibility for future dynamic and miniature X-ray optics for focusing, wavefront manipulation, multicolour dispersion, and pulse slicing.

Ultrafast photonic micro-systems to manipulate hard X-rays at 300 picoseconds

“…a b Scanning electron microscopy images of the MEMS device as fabricated and after multiple rounds of FIB micromachining, respectively. Note these FIB machined devices still have the phosphorous dopant-induced strained layers, which was reported in our previous work 29 (more detail in the Supplementary Note 2 ). c Tuning curves of the MEMS device measured with 45-V (peak-to-valley) square pulses after each FIB micromachining.…”

“…The maximum angular speed of the MEMS device determines the width of the DTW over which the Bragg condition is fulfilled. For use as a monochromatic X-ray optic, the width of the DTW, Δ t w , is given by 29 where f and α are the MEMS oscillation frequency and amplitude, respectively. In order to interact with X-ray pulses while preserving their spatiotemporal correlation, a MEMS device must perform as an X-ray diffractive element with the highest reflectivity while maintaining this performance at high speeds without introducing any distortion to the incident X-ray wavefront 29 .…”

“…In the MEMS photonics community, the wavelengths of interest have been mainly in the visible to infrared regions for a wide range of imaging and telecommunication applications 27 , 28 . Previously, we showed that a MEMS oscillator, asynchronous to the X-ray source, can create and preserve the spatial, temporal, and spectral correlation of the X-rays on a time scale of several nanoseconds 29 .…”

Immobilized Pd on (S)‐methyl histidinate‐modified multi‐walled carbon nanotubes: a powerful and recyclable catalyst for Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura C–C cross‐coupling reactions in green solvents and under mild conditions

“…Therefore, employing available biomolecules such as amino acids, alkaloids and nucleic acids and supporting them on solid substrates is highly favorable. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Among them, histidine is an applicable amino acid in catalytic systems, its key features including air-stability, low cost, nontoxicity and easy accessibility (via chemical synthesis) that make it a more efficient ligand or nanometal species stabilizer for practical applications compared with other well-established ligands. [20][21][22][23] The Heck reaction generally proceeds in the presence of a homogeneous palladium catalyst, the recycling of which is complicated and separation very difficult and can result in unacceptable palladium contamination of products.…”

A new nano‐Fe3O4‐supported organocatalyst based on 3,4‐dihydroxypyridine: an efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst for one‐pot synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines and pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidines

“…[19] So far, pyridines, alkaloids, amino acids and their derivatives, pyrrolidine, biguanidine, piperidine and sulfamic acid are the most used materials supported on solid substrate organocatalysts. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] In this regard, nano-Fe 3 O 4 has attracted much attention due to its unique physical properties such as high surface area, excellent thermal and chemical stability, low toxicity and potential applications. Magnetic catalysts can be recycled using an external magnetic field and reused in subsequent reactions.…”