X-Ray Detector Based on All-Inorganic Lead-Free Cs<sub>2</sub>AgBiBr<sub>6</sub> Perovskite Single Crystal

Zhang, Hainan; Gao, Ziyan; Liang, Renrong; Zheng, Xinran; Geng, Xiangshun; Zhao, Yunfei; Xie, Dan; Hong, Jiawang; Tian, He; Yang, Yi; Wang, Xueyun; Ren, Tian‐Ling

doi:10.1109/ted.2019.2903537

Cited by 64 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…They are advantageous in strong X‐ray absorption, processable at low temperature, low‐cost fabrication, and superior semiconducting properties like low defect density, large mobility–lifetime product ( μτ ), long carrier diffusion length, etc. Noticeably, the recently reported X‐ray detectors based on 3D perovskites including MAPbI 3 [ 4,10–12 ] and CsFAMA [ 13 ] microcrystalline thin films or MAPbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I and their mixture), [ 14–24 ] Cs x FA 1− x PbI 3 , [ 25 ] CsPbBr 3 , [ 26–29 ] and Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 [ 30–32 ] single crystals have realized high sensitivity with the highest up to 2.1 × 10 4 µC Gy air –1 cm –2 , significantly larger than the state‐of‐the‐art α‐Se X‐ray detectors. [ 33 ]…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Triple‐Cation and Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance X‐ray Imaging

et al. 2021

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X-ray detectors have attracted significant attention because they are widely used in applications such as computed tomography (CT), homeland security, and environmental monitoring. [1,2] In particular, there is an ever-increasing demand to invent better semiconductor material and device design to attain even higher sensitivity and lower manufacturing cost. [3,4] In the past decades, various traditional semiconductors have been studied for X-ray detection applications, like silicon (Si), [5] high-purity germanium (HP-Ge), [6] amorphous selenium (α-Se), [7] mercury iodide (HgI 2), [8] cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe), [9] and so on. Unfortunately, none of them is very ideal, more specifically, neither HP-Ge nor CdZnTe is costeffective; Si and CdZnTe require high working voltage; Si and α-Se have low X-ray absorption coefficient and large leakage current. Also, the CdZnTe, Si, and HP-Ge require very high growth temperature exceeding 500 °C, Hg and Cd are highly toxic. Recently, solution-processable organic-inorganic metal-halide perovskites have been demonstrated as a promising candidate for high performance X-ray detectors. They are advantageous in strong X-ray absorption, processable at low temperature, low-cost fabrication, and superior semiconducting properties like low defect density, large mobility-lifetime product (μτ), long carrier diffusion length, etc. Noticeably, the recently reported X-ray detectors based on 3D perovskites including MAPbI 3 [4,10-12] and CsFAMA [13] microcrystalline thin films or MAPbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I and their mixture), [14-24] Cs x FA 1−x PbI 3 , [25] CsPbBr 3 , [26-29] and Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 [30-32] single crystals have realized high sensitivity with the highest up to 2.1 × 10 4 µC Gy air-1 cm-2 , significantly larger than the state-of-the-art α-Se X-ray detectors. [33] Unfortunately, the dark current is too high and as is the photocurrent drift in X-ray detectors made of these hybrid organic and inorganic 3D perovskites, and this is expected based on serious ion migration in the materials. Even worse, ionic migration is recognized as the main root cause for material decomposition and performance degradation in perovskite devices. In order to obtain perovskites with low ion migration, low-dimensional perovskite single crystals, like inchsized 0D MA 3 Bi 2 I 9 [34-37] and Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 , [38-40] 2D Cs 2 TeI 6 [41] and (NH 4) 3 Bi 2 I 9 , [42] have been adventured first by our group and Low ionic migration is required for a semiconductor material to realize stable high-performance X-ray detection. In this work, successful controlled incorporation of not only methylammonium (MA +) and cesium (Cs +) cations, but also bromine (Br-) anions into the FAPbI 3 lattice to grow inch-sized stable perovskite single crystal (FAMACs SC) is reported. The smaller cations and anions, comparing to the original FA + and Ihelp release lattice stress so that the FAMACs SC shows lower ion migration, enhanced hardness, lower trap density, longer carrier lifetime and diffusion length, higher charge mobility and the...

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Triple‐Cation and Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance X‐ray Imaging

et al. 2021

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“…Meanwhile, their linear dynamic range of about 193 dB is compared favorably with those of the best‐performing LHP photodetectors based on CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3‐ x Cl x thin film (100 dB) or CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 single crystals (222 dB), and even larger than those of the commercially available Si (120 dB) or InGaAs based (66 dB) photodetectors . In addition, the ultra‐high detection sensitivity of X‐ray detector based on Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 has up to 316 µCGyair −1 cm −2 , several times higher than that of the state‐of‐the‐art commercial α‐Se detectors (20 µCGyair −1 cm −2 ) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Pressure‐Dependent Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Lead‐Free Halide Double Perovskite Cs₂AgB″X₆ (B″═In, Bi; X═Cl, Br, I)

Zhang

Hou

et al. 2019

Advcd Theory and Sims

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and its bond characteristics are unified, which is different to lead halide perovskites. Compared to Cs 2 AgBiX 6 , Cs 2 AgInX 6 may be more suitable to flexible devices due to its higher shear and bulk modulus. In addition, the thermal conductivities of Cs 2 AgBiX 6 (X═Cl, Br) and Cs 2 AgBiX 6 (X═Cl, Br, I) are 0.41, 0.32, 0.37, 0.29, 0.23 W m −1 K −1 , and can be enlarged by pressure and surpass that of lead halide perovskite. Moreover, all the Cs 2 AgB″X 6 (B″═In, Bi; X═Cl, Br, I) possess the same saturated heat capacity of about 249.3 J mol −1 K −1 . These variations of mechanical and thermal properties are elucidated by the bonds. These results maybe also applicable to other double perovskites, and beneficial for designing devices with better optoelectronic performance.

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“…[ 23,24 ] Since then, X‐ray detection using many Pb‐based perovskites has been demonstrated. [ 25–40 ] To replace the toxic Pb, X‐ray detectors employing (C 8 H 17 NH 3 ) 2 SnBr 4 , [ 41 ] Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 , [ 42–45 ] Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 , [ 46–48 ] (NH 4 ) 3 Bi 2 I 9 , [ 49 ] (BA) 2 CsAgBiBr 7 , [ 50 ] and Cs 2 TeI 6 [ 51 ] have been reported to demonstrate good sensitivity, and most of them significantly outperform the commercial α‐Se X‐ray detectors. However, some problems such as high‐temperature preparation, a large number of crystal defects, poor uniformity, low resistivity, and high leakage current, serious ion migration and instability are still serious enough to hamper their application in devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large Lead‐Free Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance Coplanar X‐Ray Imaging Applications

Liu

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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The capability to detect radiation signal like X-rays and gamma-rays has been improved dramatically in recent years. [1,2] X-ray detection is very important because of its wide range of applications in medical imaging, industrial monitoring, national security, environmental protection and remediation, and science research. In particular, flat-panel X-ray detector array is now playing an important role in in modern medical, security verification, and industrial production. [3,4] Among the materials developed for X-ray detectors, amorphous selenium (a-Se) becomes the most classic semiconductor material for direct X-ray detection (X-rays directly convert into current signals), and it is suitable for X-ray imaging because of its easy deposition process on large-scale flat-panel digital readout circuits. [5,6] Unfortunately, the conversion efficiency of a-Se is limited due to its low X-ray absorbance, caused by its low atomic number (Z = 34), accompanied by small carrier mobility and lifetime product (μτ) value of ≈10 −7 cm 2 V −1 , which leads to its very low sensitivity (440 μC Gy air −1 cm −2) even under high operating electric field (15 000 V mm −1). [7] In addition to the a-Se, many other traditional semiconductors, such as Si, [8,9] TlBr, [10,11] PbI 2 , [12,13] Ge, [14,15] HgI 2 , [16,17] CdZnTe, [18,19] and PbO, [20,21] have been well studied, and among of them, especially CdZnTe, has shown potential applications in commercial X-ray detectors. However, most of these materials either possess very high dark current and low sensitivity, or suffer from needing high-temperature (exceeding 500 °C) and complex growth equipment, let alone their high toxicity (cadmium (Cd), thallium (Tl), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg)). Accordingly, there are still some difficulties in preparing a large area X-ray absorber layer with excellent uniformity at low temperature, limiting their application to mammography. Therefore, recently, low-temperature, solution-synthesized 60 μm thick polycrystalline methylammonium lead iodide CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (MAPbI 3) perovskite films have been prepared to detect 8 keV low energy X-rays with high sensitivity, and X-ray imaging was demonstrated on a photovoltaic device. [22] Later, Huang's group achieved sensitive X-ray imaging by integrating MAPbBr 3 single crystals (SCs) on a silicon substrate. [23,24] Since then, X-ray detection using many Pb-based perovskites Lead-based (Pb) perovskite recently emerged as a promising photoelectric material for direct ionization radiation detection with outstanding performance. Unfortunately, its application is limited due to its toxicity caused by high Pb content, serious ion migration, poor crystallite quality, unsatisfactory reproducibility, high resistivity, and large fluctuation of electronic properties. Herein, a better substitute of lead-free inch-sized (34.3 mm × 34.3 mm × 13.1 mm) high-quality halide (CH 3 NH 3) 3 Bi 2 I 9 single crystal (MA 3 Bi 2 I 9 SC) is presented with higher resistivity, lower ion migration, and better stability. The coplanar detector ...

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X-Ray Detector Based on All-Inorganic Lead-Free Cs₂AgBiBr₆ Perovskite Single Crystal

Cited by 64 publications

References 38 publications

Triple‐Cation and Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance X‐ray Imaging

Triple‐Cation and Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance X‐ray Imaging

Pressure‐Dependent Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Lead‐Free Halide Double Perovskite Cs₂AgB″X₆ (B″═In, Bi; X═Cl, Br, I)

Large Lead‐Free Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance Coplanar X‐Ray Imaging Applications

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X-Ray Detector Based on All-Inorganic Lead-Free Cs2AgBiBr6 Perovskite Single Crystal

Cited by 64 publications

References 38 publications

Triple‐Cation and Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance X‐ray Imaging

Triple‐Cation and Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance X‐ray Imaging

Pressure‐Dependent Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Lead‐Free Halide Double Perovskite Cs2AgB″X6 (B″═In, Bi; X═Cl, Br, I)

Large Lead‐Free Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance Coplanar X‐Ray Imaging Applications

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X-Ray Detector Based on All-Inorganic Lead-Free Cs₂AgBiBr₆ Perovskite Single Crystal

Pressure‐Dependent Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Lead‐Free Halide Double Perovskite Cs₂AgB″X₆ (B″═In, Bi; X═Cl, Br, I)