In this paper, density functional theory simulations
were conducted
to investigate the structural adaptation of sodium borates xNa2O·(100-x)B2O3 (x = 25, 33, 50, and 60 mol %) during
the compression/decompression between 0 and 10 GPa. The sodium borates
are confined between two Fe2O3 substrates and
undergo the compression by reducing the gap between the two surfaces.
The results reveal the borate response to the load through a two-stage
transformation: rearrangement at low pressure and polymerization at
high pressure. The pressure required to initiate the polymerization
depends directly on the portion of fourfold-coordinated ([4]B) boron in the sodium borates. We found that the polymerization
occurs through three different mechanisms to form BO4 tetrahedra
with surface oxygen and nonbridging and bridging oxygen. The electronic
structure was analyzed to understand the nature of these mechanisms.
The conversions from BO3 to BO4 are mostly irreversible
as a large number of newly formed BO4 remain unchanged
under the decompression. In addition, the formation of a sodium-rich
layer can be observed when the systems were compressed to high pressure.
Our simulation provides insight into sodium borate glass responses
to extreme condition and the underlying electronic mechanisms that
can account for these behaviors.