Wound healing potential of naringin ointment formulation via regulating the expression of inflammatory, apoptotic and growth mediators in experimental rats

Abstract

Context: Wound healing is a consequence of a complex process involving inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases. Naringin, a flavanone glycoside, is associated with modulation of various oxido-inflammatory and growth factors. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the wound-healing activity of naringin ointment formulation (NOF) on experimental wound models. Materials and methods: A soft paraffin-based cream containing 1, 2, and 4% (w/w) naringin was formulated and evaluated for physicochemical characters. Excision wounds and incisions wounds were used to study the topical effect of NOF for 20 d (once a day) on various biochemical, molecular, and histological parameters. Results: NOF (2 and 4%, w/w) treatment showed a significant decrease (p50.05) in wound area and epithelization period whereas the rate of wound contraction increased significantly (p50.05). The altered levels of oxido-nitrosative stress (SOD, GSH, MDA, MPO, and NO) were significantly (p50.05) restored by NOF. Treatment produced a significant increase (p50.05) in tensile strength, hydroxyproline content, and protein content. TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, NF-jB, smad-7, and Bax mRNA expression were significantly down-regulated (p50.05) by NOF, whereas polymerase gamma (pol-g), smad-3, VEGF and TGF-b, and collagen-1 mRNA expressions were significantly up-regulated (p50.05) by NOF. Histological alterations in wound skin were also restored by NOF. Conclusion: NOF exerts wound healing potential via down-regulated expression of inflammatory (NF-jB, TNF-a, and ILs), apoptotic (pol-g and Bax), and up-regulated growth factor (VEGF and TGF-b) expression, thus modulating collagen-1 expression to induce angiogenesis leading to wound healing.

Biotransformation of Flavonoid Conjugates with Fatty Acids and Evaluations of Their Functionalities

“…In rats with spinal cord injury treatment with naringin at 20 or 40 mg/kg increased levels of VEGF expression suggesting that naringin is a neurotrophic factor under these conditions (Rong et al, 2012). A wound healing ointment containing 2% and 4% naringin has also been shown to stimulate collagen I synthesis and VEGF levels thereby promoting angiogenesis (Kandhare et al, 2016). Song et al (2017) have also shown naringin’s ability to promote angiogenesis and bone healing through stimulation of VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling pathway.…”

Protective effect ofL-glutamine against diabetes-induced nephropathy in experimental animal: Role of KIM-1, NGAL, TGF-β1, and collagen-1

“…58 GSH is a potent ubiquitous, non-enzymatic biological antioxidant 48,59,60 plays a vital role in the detoxification of free radical species such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and alkoxy radicals to maintain the cell metabolism and integrity. 40 The level of glutamine is successfully reduced in renal tissue of rat under stressful conditions. 61 However, glutamine plays an important role in glutathione metabolism.…”

Neuroprotective effect of Azadirachta indica standardized extract in partial sciatic nerve injury in rats: evidence from anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic studies

“…The homogenates were centrifuged at 10,000 g at 0 °C for 20 min. It was divided into aliquot to determine superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total calcium content, nitric oxide content, membrane-bound inorganic phosphate enzyme, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) according to previously reported procedures (Adil et al, 2016[1][2]; Kandhare et al, 2016[39], 2012[48]; Visnagri et al, 2015[79]).…”