Worldwide Marine Fog Occurrence and Climatology

Dorman, Clive E.; Mejía, John F.; Koračin, Darko; McEvoy, Daniel J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45229-6_2

Cited by 29 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…In a study using CMIP5 atmospheric simulations and multimodel data, Kawai et al (2018) found that most model simulations have marine fog consistently increasing in the eastern North Pacific in boreal summer. Kawai's results are consistent with shipboard observations that showed an increase in northern California coastal fog from 1950 to 2007 (Dorman et al 2017). Other work suggests that the reductions in fog seen over the last century might be more strongly linked to basin wide ocean-atmosphere oscillations such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, other synoptic-scale cycles affected by the jet stream that can be expected to continue to oscillate (Johnstone 2011;Johnstone and Mantua 2014;Dorman et al 2017) or air pollution (Gray et al 2019).…”

Section: The Future Of Coastal Fogsupporting

confidence: 77%

Hydrologic Resilience from Summertime Fog and Recharge: A Case Study for Coho Salmon Recovery Planning

Torregrosa

Flint

2019

J American Water Resour Assoc

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Research Impact Statement: Coastal fog and recharge strongly influence late summer instream hydroclimate conditions critical to coho and help to identify watersheds least vulnerable to future warming.ABSTRACT: Fog and low cloud cover (FLCC) and late summer recharge increase stream baseflow and decrease stream temperature during arid Mediterranean climate summers, which benefits salmon especially under climate warming conditions. The potential to discharge cool water to streams during the late summer (hydrologic capacity; HC) furnished by FLCC and recharge were mapped for the 299 subwatersheds ranked Core, Phase 1, or Phase 2 under the National Marine Fisheries Service Recovery Plan that prioritized restoration and threat abatement action for endangered Central California Coast Coho Salmon evolutionarily significant unit. Two spatially continuous gridded datasets were merged to compare HC: average hrs/day FLCC, a new dataset derived from a decade of hourly National Weather Satellite data, and annual average mm recharge from the USGS Basin Characterization Model. Two use-case scenarios provide examples of incorporating FLCC-driven HC indices into long-term recovery planning. The first, a thermal analysis under future climate, projected 65% of the watershed area for 8-19 coho population units as thermally inhospitable under two global climate models and identified several units with high resilience (high HC under the range of projected warming conditions). The second use case investigated HC by subwatershed rank and coho population, and identified three population units with high HC in areas ranked Phase 1 and 2 and low HC in Core. Recovery planning for cold-water fish species would benefit by including FLCC in vulnerability analyses.(

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Section: The Future Of Coastal Fogsupporting

confidence: 77%

Hydrologic Resilience from Summertime Fog and Recharge: A Case Study for Coho Salmon Recovery Planning

Torregrosa

Flint

2019

J American Water Resour Assoc

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“…Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (Dorman et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2010). Some thin fog retrieved in this analysis has a thickness < 5 m, which is lower than the accuracy for geopotential height.…”

Section: 1029/2018jd028886mentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Despite the fact that DDM and MRM give consistent results for vertically extensive fog, it is unsure how accurate either method is for FTH calculation of thin fog (< 100 m agl). Although high‐resolution radiosondes can detect shallow fog thicker than 10 m, low‐resolution radiosondes have limited capability to detect fog or clouds thinner than a few tens of meters (Dorman et al, ; Zhang et al, ). Some thin fog retrieved in this analysis has a thickness < 5 m, which is lower than the accuracy for geopotential height.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiosonde‐Derived Temperature Inversions and Their Association With Fog Over 37 Melt Seasons in East Greenland

et al. 2018

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We present temperature inversion characteristics during fog and nonfog conditions at three east Greenland coastal weather stations during Arctic melt seasons 1980–2016. For this purpose, we developed a novel automated method to extract fog‐top height (FTH) from Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive data, which is applicable to any fog thermodynamic profile and includes an improved interpolation of saturation between sounding levels. From the analysis of >22,000 melt‐season soundings we conclude that inversions occur 85–95% of the time, are predominantly elevated, and have median depths >200 m. Fog at high‐Arctic locations often penetrates the inversion layer, especially in the late melt season, and is commonly several hundred meters thick. At low‐Arctic locations fog is thinner and generally restricted to the mixed layer. Inversions during fog are deeper and stronger compared to nonfog conditions. This effect is more pronounced at higher latitudes, which we attribute to distinct local boundary layer conditions and large‐scale processes. The Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive‐extracted FTHs have a cumulative error of 56 m and are in reasonable agreement with retrievals from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation satellite cloud top data. The novel FTH extraction method can be applied to any polar sounding with >5 significant levels below 700 hPa and can be extended to boundary layer clouds other than fog, which represent the majority of cloud occurrence in the Arctic melt season. This study advances the understanding of interactions between low clouds and temperature inversions and improves retrieval of cloud geometrical thickness from radiosondes: both have important implications for the Arctic surface energy budget.

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“…Dorman et al () found that, globally, the highest occurrences of coastal fog were observed over shallow waters when the near‐surface air was cooling over a negative SST gradient and a stable lower atmosphere suppressed boundary‐layer exchange with the overlying air mass. Surface ocean currents, SST gradients, wind speed, and seasonal wind direction were found to determine the horizontal structure of the fog layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that there may be benefit in using fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-land prediction tools in order to represent the processes relevant to the formation and evolution of marine fog (Koračin et al, 2014). Dorman et al (2017) found that, globally, the highest occurrences of coastal fog were observed over shallow waters when the near-surface air was cooling over a negative SST gradient and a stable lower atmosphere suppressed boundary-layer exchange with the overlying air mass. Surface ocean currents, SST gradients, wind speed, and seasonal wind direction were found to determine the horizontal structure of the fog layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of high‐resolution ocean–atmosphere coupling on fog formation over the North Sea

Fallmann

Lewis

Sanchez

et al. 2019

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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Sea‐surface temperature (SST) is a key driver for various interactions and feedbacks between components of the Earth System and can control local weather and climate. The formation of marine fog, for example, can be sensitive to small changes in SST at a scale of a few kilometres. As a contribution to understanding processes at the interface between air and sea, this article discusses results from a state‐of‐the‐art fully coupled regional atmosphere–land–ocean–wave prediction system for the UK at km scale. This study focuses on the impact of the changes in surface forcing resulting from coupling SST in the marine boundary layer and formation of summertime coastal fog over the North Sea. A study from July 2013 provided a good case to evaluate the role of SST in fog evolution. The benefit of an evolving SST in the coupled simulation is shown in capturing a warming trend in observed SST over the five‐day case study period, with a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) against in situ observations of 1.1 K. In contrast, in uncoupled atmosphere‐only simulations, the initial‐condition SST is persisted for the duration of the case, as is more typical in current operational numerical weather prediction (NWP). In the uncoupled simulations, a cold bias develops over the modelling period and the RMSE against observed SST is 2.4 K. The impact of coupling is shown to propagate into the overlying marine boundary layer and therefore affect the formation of coastal fog. Increased heat flux from a relatively warmer sea surface in the coupled simulations led to near‐surface atmospheric instability, hampering stratus lowering and destroying the fog‐promoting inversion layer. This significantly reduced fog fractions in selected regions. The value of model coupling was assessed by comparing coupled and uncoupled simulations initialized at different times ahead of fog development.

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Worldwide Marine Fog Occurrence and Climatology

Cited by 29 publications

References 82 publications

Hydrologic Resilience from Summertime Fog and Recharge: A Case Study for Coho Salmon Recovery Planning

Hydrologic Resilience from Summertime Fog and Recharge: A Case Study for Coho Salmon Recovery Planning

Radiosonde‐Derived Temperature Inversions and Their Association With Fog Over 37 Melt Seasons in East Greenland

Impact of high‐resolution ocean–atmosphere coupling on fog formation over the North Sea

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